Docker Intensive Course

```

These slides have been built from commit: 3c0ec02

[shared/title.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/shared/title.md)]
---

Docker Intensive Course

**Slides[:](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h16zyxiwDLY) https://2020-03-qcon.container.training/**
]

<!--

**Be kind to the WiFi!** 
*Use the 5G network.*
*Don't use your hotspot.* 
*Don't stream videos or download big files during the workshop* 
*Thank you!*
-->

.debug[[shared/title.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/shared/title.md)]
---
## Intros

- Hello! I'm Jérôme ([@jpetazzo](https://twitter.com/jpetazzo))

- The workshop will run from 9am to 4pm

- There will be a lunch break at noon

(And coffee breaks!)

- Feel free to interrupt for questions at any time

- *Especially when you see full screen container pictures!*

.debug[[logistics.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/logistics.md)]
---
## A brief introduction

- This was initially written to support in-person, instructor-led workshops and tutorials

- These materials are maintained by [Jérôme Petazzoni](https://twitter.com/jpetazzo) and [multiple contributors](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/graphs/contributors)

- You can also follow along on your own, at your own pace

- We included as much information as possible in these slides

- We recommend having a mentor to help you ...

- ... Or be comfortable spending some time reading the Docker
 [documentation](https://docs.docker.com/) ...

- ... And looking for answers in the [Docker forums](forums.docker.com),
  [StackOverflow](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/docker),
  and other outlets

.debug[[containers/intro.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/intro.md)]
---

## Hands on, you shall practice

- Nobody ever became a Jedi by spending their lives reading Wookiepedia

- Likewise, it will take more than merely *reading* these slides
  to make you an expert

- These slides include *tons* of exercises and examples

- They assume that you have access to a machine running Docker

- If you are attending a workshop or tutorial:
 you will be given specific instructions to access a cloud VM

- If you are doing this on your own:
 we will tell you how to install Docker or access a Docker environment

.debug[[containers/intro.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/intro.md)]
---
## Accessing these slides now

- We recommend that you open these slides in your browser:

https://2020-03-qcon.container.training/

- Use arrows to move to next/previous slide

(up, down, left, right, page up, page down)

- Type a slide number + ENTER to go to that slide

- The slide number is also visible in the URL bar

(e.g. .../#123 for slide 123)

.debug[[shared/about-slides.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/shared/about-slides.md)]
---

## Accessing these slides later

- Slides will remain online so you can review them later if needed

(let's say we'll keep them online at least 1 year, how about that?)

- You can download the slides using that URL:

https://2020-03-qcon.container.training/slides.zip

(then open the file `intro-fullday.yml.html`)

- You will to find new versions of these slides on:

https://container.training/

.debug[[shared/about-slides.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/shared/about-slides.md)]
---

## These slides are open source

- You are welcome to use, re-use, share these slides

- These slides are written in markdown

- The sources of these slides are available in a public GitHub repository:

https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training

- Typos? Mistakes? Questions? Feel free to hover over the bottom of the slide ...

.footnote[.emoji[👇] Try it! The source file will be shown and you can view it on GitHub and fork and edit it.]

.debug[[shared/about-slides.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/shared/about-slides.md)]
---

## Extra details

- This slide has a little magnifying glass in the top left corner

- This magnifying glass indicates slides that provide extra details

- Feel free to skip them if:

- you are in a hurry

- you are new to this and want to avoid cognitive overload

- you want only the most essential information

- You can review these slides another time if you want, they'll be waiting for you ☺

.debug[[shared/about-slides.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/shared/about-slides.md)]
---

## Chat room

- We've set up a chat room that we will monitor during the workshop

- Don't hesitate to use it to ask questions, or get help, or share feedback

- The chat room will also be available after the workshop

- Join the chat room:

- Say hi in the chat room!

.debug[[shared/about-slides.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/shared/about-slides.md)]
---

## Chapter 1

- [Our training environment](#toc-our-training-environment)

- [Our first containers](#toc-our-first-containers)

- [Background containers](#toc-background-containers)

- [Naming and inspecting containers](#toc-naming-and-inspecting-containers)

- [Getting inside a container](#toc-getting-inside-a-container)

- [Understanding Docker images](#toc-understanding-docker-images)

## Chapter 2

- [Building images interactively](#toc-building-images-interactively)

- [Building Docker images with a Dockerfile](#toc-building-docker-images-with-a-dockerfile)

- [`CMD` and `ENTRYPOINT`](#toc-cmd-and-entrypoint)

- [Copying files during the build](#toc-copying-files-during-the-build)

- [Exercise — writing Dockerfiles](#toc-exercise--writing-dockerfiles)

## Chapter 3

- [Container networking basics](#toc-container-networking-basics)

- [Local development workflow with Docker](#toc-local-development-workflow-with-docker)

- [The Container Network Model](#toc-the-container-network-model)

- [Service discovery with containers](#toc-service-discovery-with-containers)

- [Compose for development stacks](#toc-compose-for-development-stacks)

- [Exercise — writing a Compose file](#toc-exercise--writing-a-compose-file)

## Chapter 4

- [Reducing image size](#toc-reducing-image-size)

- [Multi-stage builds](#toc-multi-stage-builds)

- [Tips for efficient Dockerfiles](#toc-tips-for-efficient-dockerfiles)

- [Dockerfile examples](#toc-dockerfile-examples)

- [Exercise — writing better Dockerfiles](#toc-exercise--writing-better-dockerfiles)

## Chapter 5

- [Links and resources](#toc-links-and-resources)

.debug[[shared/toc.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/shared/toc.md)]
---

.interstitial[![Image separating from the next chapter](https://gallant-turing-d0d520.netlify.com/containers/Container-Ship-Freighter-Navigation-Elbe-Romance-1782991.jpg)]

---

Our training environment

.nav[
[Previous section](#toc-)
|
[Back to table of contents](#toc-chapter-1)
|
[Next section](#toc-our-first-containers)
]

---

# Our training environment

![SSH terminal](images/title-our-training-environment.jpg)

.debug[[containers/Training_Environment.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Training_Environment.md)]
---

## Our training environment

- If you are attending a tutorial or workshop:

- a VM has been provisioned for each student

- If you are doing or re-doing this course on your own, you can:

- install Docker locally (as explained in the chapter "Installing Docker")

- install Docker on e.g. a cloud VM

- use https://www.play-with-docker.com/ to instantly get a training environment

.debug[[containers/Training_Environment.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Training_Environment.md)]
---

## Our Docker VM

*This section assumes that you are following this course as part of
a tutorial, training or workshop, where each student is given an
individual Docker VM.*

- The VM is created just before the training.

- It will stay up during the whole training.

- It will be destroyed shortly after the training.

- It comes pre-loaded with Docker and some other useful tools.

.debug[[containers/Training_Environment.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Training_Environment.md)]
---

## What *is* Docker?

- "Installing Docker" really means "Installing the Docker Engine and CLI".

- The Docker Engine is a daemon (a service running in the background).

- This daemon manages containers, the same way that a hypervisor manages VMs.

- We interact with the Docker Engine by using the Docker CLI.

- The Docker CLI and the Docker Engine communicate through an API.

- There are many other programs and client libraries which use that API.

.debug[[containers/Training_Environment.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Training_Environment.md)]
---

## Why don't we run Docker locally?

- We are going to download container images and distribution packages.

- This could put a bit of stress on the local WiFi and slow us down.

- Instead, we use a remote VM that has a good connectivity

- In some rare cases, installing Docker locally is challenging:

- no administrator/root access (computer managed by strict corp IT)

- 32-bit CPU or OS

- old OS version (e.g. CentOS 6, OSX pre-Yosemite, Windows 7)

- It's better to spend time learning containers than fiddling with the installer!

.debug[[containers/Training_Environment.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Training_Environment.md)]
---

## Connecting to your Virtual Machine

You need an SSH client.

* On OS X, Linux, and other UNIX systems, just use `ssh`:

```bash
$ ssh <login>@<ip-address>
```

* On Windows, if you don't have an SSH client, you can download:

* Putty (www.putty.org)

* Git BASH (https://git-for-windows.github.io/)

* MobaXterm (https://mobaxterm.mobatek.net/)

.debug[[containers/Training_Environment.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Training_Environment.md)]
---

## Checking your Virtual Machine

Once logged in, make sure that you can run a basic Docker command:

.small[
```bash
$ docker version
Client:
 Version:       18.03.0-ce
 API version:   1.37
 Go version:    go1.9.4
 Git commit:    0520e24
 Built:         Wed Mar 21 23:10:06 2018
 OS/Arch:       linux/amd64
 Experimental:  false
 Orchestrator:  swarm

Server:
 Engine:
  Version:      18.03.0-ce
  API version:  1.37 (minimum version 1.12)
  Go version:   go1.9.4
  Git commit:   0520e24
  Built:        Wed Mar 21 23:08:35 2018
  OS/Arch:      linux/amd64
  Experimental: false
```
]

If this doesn't work, raise your hand so that an instructor can assist you!

.debug[[containers/Training_Environment.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Training_Environment.md)]
---

.interstitial[![Image separating from the next chapter](https://gallant-turing-d0d520.netlify.com/containers/ShippingContainerSFBay.jpg)]

---

Our first containers

.nav[
[Previous section](#toc-our-training-environment)
|
[Back to table of contents](#toc-chapter-1)
|
[Next section](#toc-background-containers)
]

---

# Our first containers

![Colorful plastic tubs](images/title-our-first-containers.jpg)

.debug[[containers/First_Containers.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/First_Containers.md)]
---

## Objectives

At the end of this lesson, you will have:

* Seen Docker in action.

* Started your first containers.

.debug[[containers/First_Containers.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/First_Containers.md)]
---

## Hello World

In your Docker environment, just run the following command:

```bash
$ docker run busybox echo hello world
hello world
```

(If your Docker install is brand new, you will also see a few extra lines,
corresponding to the download of the `busybox` image.)

.debug[[containers/First_Containers.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/First_Containers.md)]
---

## That was our first container!

* We used one of the smallest, simplest images available: `busybox`.

* `busybox` is typically used in embedded systems (phones, routers...)

* We ran a single process and echo'ed `hello world`.

.debug[[containers/First_Containers.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/First_Containers.md)]
---

## A more useful container

Let's run a more exciting container:

```bash
$ docker run -it ubuntu
root@04c0bb0a6c07:/#
```

* This is a brand new container.

* It runs a bare-bones, no-frills `ubuntu` system.

* `-it` is shorthand for `-i -t`.

* `-i` tells Docker to connect us to the container's stdin.

* `-t` tells Docker that we want a pseudo-terminal.

.debug[[containers/First_Containers.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/First_Containers.md)]
---

## Do something in our container

Try to run `figlet` in our container.

```bash
root@04c0bb0a6c07:/# figlet hello
bash: figlet: command not found
```

Alright, we need to install it.

.debug[[containers/First_Containers.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/First_Containers.md)]
---

## Install a package in our container

We want `figlet`, so let's install it:

```bash
root@04c0bb0a6c07:/# apt-get update
...
Fetched 1514 kB in 14s (103 kB/s)
Reading package lists... Done
root@04c0bb0a6c07:/# apt-get install figlet
Reading package lists... Done
...
```

One minute later, `figlet` is installed!

.debug[[containers/First_Containers.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/First_Containers.md)]
---

## Try to run our freshly installed program

The `figlet` program takes a message as parameter.

```bash
root@04c0bb0a6c07:/# figlet hello
 _          _ _       
| |__   ___| | | ___  
| '_ \ / _ \ | |/ _ \ 
| | | |  __/ | | (_) |
|_| |_|\___|_|_|\___/ 
```

Beautiful! .emoji[😍]

.debug[[containers/First_Containers.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/First_Containers.md)]
---

## Counting packages in the container

Let's check how many packages are installed there.

```bash
root@04c0bb0a6c07:/# dpkg -l | wc -l
190
```

* `dpkg -l` lists the packages installed in our container

* `wc -l` counts them

How many packages do we have on our host?

.debug[[containers/First_Containers.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/First_Containers.md)]
---

## Counting packages on the host

Exit the container by logging out of the shell, like you would usually do.

(E.g. with `^D` or `exit`)

```bash
root@04c0bb0a6c07:/# exit
```

Now, try to:

* run `dpkg -l | wc -l`. How many packages are installed?

* run `figlet`. Does that work?

.debug[[containers/First_Containers.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/First_Containers.md)]
---

## Comparing the container and the host

Exit the container by logging out of the shell, with `^D` or `exit`.

Now try to run `figlet`. Does that work?

(It shouldn't; except if, by coincidence, you are running on a machine where figlet was installed before.)

.debug[[containers/First_Containers.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/First_Containers.md)]
---

## Host and containers are independent things

* We ran an `ubuntu` container on an Linux/Windows/macOS host.

* They have different, independent packages.

* Installing something on the host doesn't expose it to the container.

* And vice-versa.

* Even if both the host and the container have the same Linux distro!

* We can run *any container* on *any host*.

(One exception: Windows containers cannot run on Linux machines; at least not yet.)

.debug[[containers/First_Containers.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/First_Containers.md)]
---

## Where's our container?

* Our container is now in a *stopped* state.

* It still exists on disk, but all compute resources have been freed up.

* We will see later how to get back to that container.

.debug[[containers/First_Containers.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/First_Containers.md)]
---

## Starting another container

What if we start a new container, and try to run `figlet` again?
 
```bash
$ docker run -it ubuntu
root@b13c164401fb:/# figlet
bash: figlet: command not found
```

* We started a *brand new container*.

* The basic Ubuntu image was used, and `figlet` is not here.

.debug[[containers/First_Containers.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/First_Containers.md)]
---

## Where's my container?

* Can we reuse that container that we took time to customize?

*We can, but that's not the default workflow with Docker.*

* What's the default workflow, then?

*Always start with a fresh container.*
 
 *If we need something installed in our container, build a custom image.*

* That seems complicated!

*We'll see that it's actually pretty easy!*

* And what's the point?

*This puts a strong emphasis on automation and repeatability. Let's see why ...*

.debug[[containers/First_Containers.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/First_Containers.md)]
---

## Pets vs. Cattle

* In the "pets vs. cattle" metaphor, there are two kinds of servers.

* Pets:

* have distinctive names and unique configurations

* when they have an outage, we do everything we can to fix them

* Cattle:

* have generic names (e.g. with numbers) and generic configuration

* configuration is enforced by configuration management, golden images ...

* when they have an outage, we can replace them immediately with a new server

* What's the connection with Docker and containers?

.debug[[containers/First_Containers.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/First_Containers.md)]
---

## Local development environments

* When we use local VMs (with e.g. VirtualBox or VMware), our workflow looks like this:

* create VM from base template (Ubuntu, CentOS...)

* install packages, set up environment

* work on project

* when done, shut down VM

* next time we need to work on project, restart VM as we left it

* if we need to tweak the environment, we do it live

* Over time, the VM configuration evolves, diverges.

* We don't have a clean, reliable, deterministic way to provision that environment.

.debug[[containers/First_Containers.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/First_Containers.md)]
---

## Local development with Docker

* With Docker, the workflow looks like this:

* create container image with our dev environment

* run container with that image

* work on project

* when done, shut down container

* next time we need to work on project, start a new container

* if we need to tweak the environment, we create a new image

* We have a clear definition of our environment, and can share it reliably with others.

* Let's see in the next chapters how to bake a custom image with `figlet`!

.debug[[containers/First_Containers.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/First_Containers.md)]
---

.interstitial[![Image separating from the next chapter](https://gallant-turing-d0d520.netlify.com/containers/aerial-view-of-containers.jpg)]

---

Background containers

.nav[
[Previous section](#toc-our-first-containers)
|
[Back to table of contents](#toc-chapter-1)
|
[Next section](#toc-naming-and-inspecting-containers)
]

---

# Background containers

![Background containers](images/title-background-containers.jpg)

.debug[[containers/Background_Containers.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Background_Containers.md)]
---

## Objectives

Our first containers were *interactive*.

We will now see how to:

* Run a non-interactive container.
* Run a container in the background.
* List running containers.
* Check the logs of a container.
* Stop a container.
* List stopped containers.

.debug[[containers/Background_Containers.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Background_Containers.md)]
---

## A non-interactive container

We will run a small custom container.

This container just displays the time every second.

```bash
$ docker run jpetazzo/clock
Fri Feb 20 00:28:53 UTC 2015
Fri Feb 20 00:28:54 UTC 2015
Fri Feb 20 00:28:55 UTC 2015
...
```

* This container will run forever.
* To stop it, press `^C`.
* Docker has automatically downloaded the image `jpetazzo/clock`.
* This image is a user image, created by `jpetazzo`.
* We will hear more about user images (and other types of images) later.

.debug[[containers/Background_Containers.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Background_Containers.md)]
---

## Run a container in the background

Containers can be started in the background, with the `-d` flag (daemon mode):

```bash
$ docker run -d jpetazzo/clock
47d677dcfba4277c6cc68fcaa51f932b544cab1a187c853b7d0caf4e8debe5ad
```

* We don't see the output of the container.
* But don't worry: Docker collects that output and logs it!
* Docker gives us the ID of the container.

.debug[[containers/Background_Containers.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Background_Containers.md)]
---

## List running containers

How can we check that our container is still running?

With `docker ps`, just like the UNIX `ps` command, lists running processes.

```bash
$ docker ps
CONTAINER ID  IMAGE           ...  CREATED        STATUS        ...
47d677dcfba4  jpetazzo/clock  ...  2 minutes ago  Up 2 minutes  ...
```

Docker tells us:

* The (truncated) ID of our container.
* The image used to start the container.
* That our container has been running (`Up`) for a couple of minutes.
* Other information (COMMAND, PORTS, NAMES) that we will explain later.

.debug[[containers/Background_Containers.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Background_Containers.md)]
---

## Starting more containers

Let's start two more containers.

```bash
$ docker run -d jpetazzo/clock
57ad9bdfc06bb4407c47220cf59ce21585dce9a1298d7a67488359aeaea8ae2a
```

```bash
$ docker run -d jpetazzo/clock
068cc994ffd0190bbe025ba74e4c0771a5d8f14734af772ddee8dc1aaf20567d
```

Check that `docker ps` correctly reports all 3 containers.

.debug[[containers/Background_Containers.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Background_Containers.md)]
---

## Viewing only the last container started

When many containers are already running, it can be useful to
see only the last container that was started.

This can be achieved with the `-l` ("Last") flag:

```bash
$ docker ps -l
CONTAINER ID  IMAGE           ...  CREATED        STATUS        ...
068cc994ffd0  jpetazzo/clock  ...  2 minutes ago  Up 2 minutes  ...
```

.debug[[containers/Background_Containers.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Background_Containers.md)]
---

## View only the IDs of the containers

Many Docker commands will work on container IDs: `docker stop`, `docker rm`...

If we want to list only the IDs of our containers (without the other columns
or the header line),
we can use the `-q` ("Quiet", "Quick") flag:

```bash
$ docker ps -q
068cc994ffd0
57ad9bdfc06b
47d677dcfba4
```

.debug[[containers/Background_Containers.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Background_Containers.md)]
---

## Combining flags

We can combine `-l` and `-q` to see only the ID of the last container started:

```bash
$ docker ps -lq
068cc994ffd0
```

At a first glance, it looks like this would be particularly useful in scripts.

However, if we want to start a container and get its ID in a reliable way,
it is better to use `docker run -d`, which we will cover in a bit.

(Using `docker ps -lq` is prone to race conditions: what happens if someone
else, or another program or script, starts another container just before
we run `docker ps -lq`?)

.debug[[containers/Background_Containers.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Background_Containers.md)]
---

## View the logs of a container

We told you that Docker was logging the container output.

Let's see that now.

```bash
$ docker logs 068
Fri Feb 20 00:39:52 UTC 2015
Fri Feb 20 00:39:53 UTC 2015
...
```

* We specified a *prefix* of the full container ID.
* You can, of course, specify the full ID.
* The `logs` command will output the *entire* logs of the container.
 (Sometimes, that will be too much. Let's see how to address that.)

.debug[[containers/Background_Containers.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Background_Containers.md)]
---

## View only the tail of the logs

To avoid being spammed with eleventy pages of output,
we can use the `--tail` option:

```bash
$ docker logs --tail 3 068
Fri Feb 20 00:55:35 UTC 2015
Fri Feb 20 00:55:36 UTC 2015
Fri Feb 20 00:55:37 UTC 2015
```

* The parameter is the number of lines that we want to see.

.debug[[containers/Background_Containers.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Background_Containers.md)]
---

## Follow the logs in real time

Just like with the standard UNIX command `tail -f`, we can
follow the logs of our container:

```bash
$ docker logs --tail 1 --follow 068
Fri Feb 20 00:57:12 UTC 2015
Fri Feb 20 00:57:13 UTC 2015
^C
```

* This will display the last line in the log file.
* Then, it will continue to display the logs in real time.
* Use `^C` to exit.

.debug[[containers/Background_Containers.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Background_Containers.md)]
---

## Stop our container

There are two ways we can terminate our detached container.

* Killing it using the `docker kill` command.
* Stopping it using the `docker stop` command.

The first one stops the container immediately, by using the
`KILL` signal.

The second one is more graceful. It sends a `TERM` signal,
and after 10 seconds, if the container has not stopped, it
sends `KILL.`

Reminder: the `KILL` signal cannot be intercepted, and will
forcibly terminate the container.

.debug[[containers/Background_Containers.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Background_Containers.md)]
---

## Stopping our containers

Let's stop one of those containers:

```bash
$ docker stop 47d6
47d6
```

This will take 10 seconds:

* Docker sends the TERM signal;
* the container doesn't react to this signal
  (it's a simple Shell script with no special
  signal handling);
* 10 seconds later, since the container is still
  running, Docker sends the KILL signal;
* this terminates the container.

.debug[[containers/Background_Containers.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Background_Containers.md)]
---

## Killing the remaining containers

Let's be less patient with the two other containers:

```bash
$ docker kill 068 57ad
068
57ad
```

The `stop` and `kill` commands can take multiple container IDs.

Those containers will be terminated immediately (without
the 10-second delay).

Let's check that our containers don't show up anymore:

```bash
$ docker ps
```

.debug[[containers/Background_Containers.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Background_Containers.md)]
---

## List stopped containers

We can also see stopped containers, with the `-a` (`--all`) option.

```bash
$ docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID  IMAGE           ...  CREATED      STATUS
068cc994ffd0  jpetazzo/clock  ...  21 min. ago  Exited (137) 3 min. ago
57ad9bdfc06b  jpetazzo/clock  ...  21 min. ago  Exited (137) 3 min. ago
47d677dcfba4  jpetazzo/clock  ...  23 min. ago  Exited (137) 3 min. ago
5c1dfd4d81f1  jpetazzo/clock  ...  40 min. ago  Exited (0) 40 min. ago
b13c164401fb  ubuntu          ...  55 min. ago  Exited (130) 53 min. ago
```

.debug[[containers/Background_Containers.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Background_Containers.md)]
---

.interstitial[![Image separating from the next chapter](https://gallant-turing-d0d520.netlify.com/containers/blue-containers.jpg)]

---

Naming and inspecting containers

.nav[
[Previous section](#toc-background-containers)
|
[Back to table of contents](#toc-chapter-1)
|
[Next section](#toc-getting-inside-a-container)
]

---

# Naming and inspecting containers

![Markings on container door](images/title-naming-and-inspecting-containers.jpg)

.debug[[containers/Naming_And_Inspecting.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Naming_And_Inspecting.md)]
---

## Objectives

In this lesson, we will learn about an important
Docker concept: container *naming*.

Naming allows us to:

* Reference easily a container.

* Ensure unicity of a specific container.

We will also see the `inspect` command, which gives a lot of details about a container.

.debug[[containers/Naming_And_Inspecting.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Naming_And_Inspecting.md)]
---

## Naming our containers

So far, we have referenced containers with their ID.

We have copy-pasted the ID, or used a shortened prefix.

But each container can also be referenced by its name.

If a container is named `thumbnail-worker`, I can do:

```bash
$ docker logs thumbnail-worker
$ docker stop thumbnail-worker
etc.
```

.debug[[containers/Naming_And_Inspecting.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Naming_And_Inspecting.md)]
---

## Default names

When we create a container, if we don't give a specific
name, Docker will pick one for us.

It will be the concatenation of:

* A mood (furious, goofy, suspicious, boring...)

* The name of a famous inventor (tesla, darwin, wozniak...)

Examples: `happy_curie`, `clever_hopper`, `jovial_lovelace` ...

.debug[[containers/Naming_And_Inspecting.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Naming_And_Inspecting.md)]
---

## Specifying a name

You can set the name of the container when you create it.

```bash
$ docker run --name ticktock jpetazzo/clock
```

If you specify a name that already exists, Docker will refuse
to create the container.

This lets us enforce unicity of a given resource.

.debug[[containers/Naming_And_Inspecting.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Naming_And_Inspecting.md)]
---

## Renaming containers

* You can rename containers with `docker rename`.

* This allows you to "free up" a name without destroying the associated container.

.debug[[containers/Naming_And_Inspecting.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Naming_And_Inspecting.md)]
---

## Inspecting a container

The `docker inspect` command will output a very detailed JSON map.

```bash
$ docker inspect <containerID>
[{
...
(many pages of JSON here)
...
```

There are multiple ways to consume that information.

.debug[[containers/Naming_And_Inspecting.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Naming_And_Inspecting.md)]
---

## Parsing JSON with the Shell

* You *could* grep and cut or awk the output of `docker inspect`.

* Please, don't.

* It's painful.

* If you really must parse JSON from the Shell, use JQ! (It's great.)

```bash
$ docker inspect <containerID> | jq .
```

* We will see a better solution which doesn't require extra tools.

.debug[[containers/Naming_And_Inspecting.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Naming_And_Inspecting.md)]
---

## Using `--format`

You can specify a format string, which will be parsed by 
Go's text/template package.

```bash
$ docker inspect --format '{{ json .Created }}' <containerID>
"2015-02-24T07:21:11.712240394Z"
```

* The generic syntax is to wrap the expression with double curly braces.

* The expression starts with a dot representing the JSON object.

* Then each field or member can be accessed in dotted notation syntax.

* The optional `json` keyword asks for valid JSON output.
 (e.g. here it adds the surrounding double-quotes.)

.debug[[containers/Naming_And_Inspecting.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Naming_And_Inspecting.md)]
---

.interstitial[![Image separating from the next chapter](https://gallant-turing-d0d520.netlify.com/containers/chinook-helicopter-container.jpg)]

---

Getting inside a container

.nav[
[Previous section](#toc-naming-and-inspecting-containers)
|
[Back to table of contents](#toc-chapter-1)
|
[Next section](#toc-understanding-docker-images)
]

---

# Getting inside a container

![Person standing inside a container](images/getting-inside.png)

.debug[[containers/Getting_Inside.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Getting_Inside.md)]
---

## Objectives

On a traditional server or VM, we sometimes need to:

* log into the machine (with SSH or on the console),

* analyze the disks (by removing them or rebooting with a rescue system).

In this chapter, we will see how to do that with containers.

.debug[[containers/Getting_Inside.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Getting_Inside.md)]
---

## Getting a shell

Every once in a while, we want to log into a machine.

In an perfect world, this shouldn't be necessary.

* You need to install or update packages (and their configuration)?

Use configuration management. (e.g. Ansible, Chef, Puppet, Salt...)

* You need to view logs and metrics?

Collect and access them through a centralized platform.

In the real world, though ... we often need shell access!

.debug[[containers/Getting_Inside.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Getting_Inside.md)]
---

## Not getting a shell

Even without a perfect deployment system, we can do many operations without getting a shell.

* Installing packages can (and should) be done in the container image.

* Configuration can be done at the image level, or when the container starts.

* Dynamic configuration can be stored in a volume (shared with another container).

* Logs written to stdout are automatically collected by the Docker Engine.

* Other logs can be written to a shared volume.

* Process information and metrics are visible from the host.

_Let's save logging, volumes ... for later, but let's have a look at process information!_

.debug[[containers/Getting_Inside.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Getting_Inside.md)]
---

## Viewing container processes from the host

If you run Docker on Linux, container processes are visible on the host.

```bash
$ ps faux | less
```

* Scroll around the output of this command.

* You should see the `jpetazzo/clock` container.

* A containerized process is just like any other process on the host.

* We can use tools like `lsof`, `strace`, `gdb` ... To analyze them.

.debug[[containers/Getting_Inside.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Getting_Inside.md)]
---

## What's the difference between a container process and a host process?

* Each process (containerized or not) belongs to *namespaces* and *cgroups*.

* The namespaces and cgroups determine what a process can "see" and "do".

* Analogy: each process (containerized or not) runs with a specific UID (user ID).

* UID=0 is root, and has elevated privileges. Other UIDs are normal users.

_We will give more details about namespaces and cgroups later._

.debug[[containers/Getting_Inside.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Getting_Inside.md)]
---

## Getting a shell in a running container

* Sometimes, we need to get a shell anyway.

* We _could_ run some SSH server in the container ...

* But it is easier to use `docker exec`.

```bash
$ docker exec -ti ticktock sh
```

* This creates a new process (running `sh`) _inside_ the container.

* This can also be done "manually" with the tool `nsenter`.

.debug[[containers/Getting_Inside.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Getting_Inside.md)]
---

## Caveats

* The tool that you want to run needs to exist in the container.

* Some tools (like `ip netns exec`) let you attach to _one_ namespace at a time.

(This lets you e.g. setup network interfaces, even if you don't have `ifconfig` or `ip` in the container.)

* Most importantly: the container needs to be running.

* What if the container is stopped or crashed?

.debug[[containers/Getting_Inside.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Getting_Inside.md)]
---

## Getting a shell in a stopped container

* A stopped container is only _storage_ (like a disk drive).

* We cannot SSH into a disk drive or USB stick!

* We need to connect the disk to a running machine.

* How does that translate into the container world?

.debug[[containers/Getting_Inside.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Getting_Inside.md)]
---

## Analyzing a stopped container

As an exercise, we are going to try to find out what's wrong with `jpetazzo/crashtest`.

```bash
docker run jpetazzo/crashtest
```

The container starts, but then stops immediately, without any output.

What would MacGyver™ do?

First, let's check the status of that container.

```bash
docker ps -l
```

.debug[[containers/Getting_Inside.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Getting_Inside.md)]
---

## Viewing filesystem changes

* We can use `docker diff` to see files that were added / changed / removed.

```bash
docker diff <container_id>
```

* The container ID was shown by `docker ps -l`.

* We can also see it with `docker ps -lq`.

* The output of `docker diff` shows some interesting log files!

.debug[[containers/Getting_Inside.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Getting_Inside.md)]
---

## Accessing files

* We can extract files with `docker cp`.

```bash
docker cp <container_id>:/var/log/nginx/error.log .
```

* Then we can look at that log file.

```bash
cat error.log
```

(The directory `/run/nginx` doesn't exist.)

.debug[[containers/Getting_Inside.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Getting_Inside.md)]
---

## Exploring a crashed container

* We can restart a container with `docker start` ...

* ... But it will probably crash again immediately!

* We cannot specify a different program to run with `docker start`

* But we can create a new image from the crashed container

```bash
docker commit <container_id> debugimage
```

* Then we can run a new container from that image, with a custom entrypoint

```bash
docker run -ti --entrypoint sh debugimage
```

.debug[[containers/Getting_Inside.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Getting_Inside.md)]
---

## Obtaining a complete dump

* We can also dump the entire filesystem of a container.

* This is done with `docker export`.

* It generates a tar archive.

```bash
docker export <container_id> | tar tv
```

This will give a detailed listing of the content of the container.

.debug[[containers/Getting_Inside.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Getting_Inside.md)]
---

.interstitial[![Image separating from the next chapter](https://gallant-turing-d0d520.netlify.com/containers/container-cranes.jpg)]

---

Understanding Docker images

.nav[
[Previous section](#toc-getting-inside-a-container)
|
[Back to table of contents](#toc-chapter-1)
|
[Next section](#toc-building-images-interactively)
]

---

# Understanding Docker images

![image](images/title-understanding-docker-images.png)

.debug[[containers/Initial_Images.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Initial_Images.md)]
---

## Objectives

In this section, we will explain:

* What is an image.

* What is a layer.

* The various image namespaces.

* How to search and download images.

* Image tags and when to use them.

.debug[[containers/Initial_Images.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Initial_Images.md)]
---

## What is an image?

* Image = files + metadata

* These files form the root filesystem of our container.

* The metadata can indicate a number of things, e.g.:

* the author of the image
  * the command to execute in the container when starting it
  * environment variables to be set
  * etc.

* Images are made of *layers*, conceptually stacked on top of each other.

* Each layer can add, change, and remove files and/or metadata.

* Images can share layers to optimize disk usage, transfer times, and memory use.

.debug[[containers/Initial_Images.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Initial_Images.md)]
---

## Example for a Java webapp

Each of the following items will correspond to one layer:

* CentOS base layer
* Packages and configuration files added by our local IT
* JRE
* Tomcat
* Our application's dependencies
* Our application code and assets
* Our application configuration

.debug[[containers/Initial_Images.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Initial_Images.md)]
---

## The read-write layer

![layers](images/container-layers.jpg)

.debug[[containers/Initial_Images.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Initial_Images.md)]
---

## Differences between containers and images

* An image is a read-only filesystem.

* A container is an encapsulated set of processes,

running in a read-write copy of that filesystem.

* To optimize container boot time, *copy-on-write* is used
  instead of regular copy.

* `docker run` starts a container from a given image.

.debug[[containers/Initial_Images.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Initial_Images.md)]
---

## Multiple containers sharing the same image

![layers](images/sharing-layers.jpg)

.debug[[containers/Initial_Images.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Initial_Images.md)]
---

## Comparison with object-oriented programming

* Images are conceptually similar to *classes*.

* Layers are conceptually similar to *inheritance*.

* Containers are conceptually similar to *instances*.

.debug[[containers/Initial_Images.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Initial_Images.md)]
---

## Wait a minute...

If an image is read-only, how do we change it?

* We don't.

* We create a new container from that image.

* Then we make changes to that container.

* When we are satisfied with those changes, we transform them into a new layer.

* A new image is created by stacking the new layer on top of the old image.

.debug[[containers/Initial_Images.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Initial_Images.md)]
---

## A chicken-and-egg problem

* The only way to create an image is by "freezing" a container.

* The only way to create a container is by instantiating an image.

* Help!

.debug[[containers/Initial_Images.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Initial_Images.md)]
---

## Creating the first images

There is a special empty image called `scratch`.

* It allows to *build from scratch*.

The `docker import` command loads a tarball into Docker.

* The imported tarball becomes a standalone image.
* That new image has a single layer.

Note: you will probably never have to do this yourself.

.debug[[containers/Initial_Images.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Initial_Images.md)]
---

## Creating other images

`docker commit`

* Saves all the changes made to a container into a new layer.
* Creates a new image (effectively a copy of the container).

`docker build` **(used 99% of the time)**

* Performs a repeatable build sequence.
* This is the preferred method!

We will explain both methods in a moment.

.debug[[containers/Initial_Images.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Initial_Images.md)]
---

## Images namespaces

There are three namespaces:

* Official images

e.g. `ubuntu`, `busybox` ...

* User (and organizations) images

e.g. `jpetazzo/clock`

* Self-hosted images

e.g. `registry.example.com:5000/my-private/image`

Let's explain each of them.

.debug[[containers/Initial_Images.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Initial_Images.md)]
---

## Root namespace

The root namespace is for official images.

They are gated by Docker Inc.

They are generally authored and maintained by third parties.

Those images include:

* Small, "swiss-army-knife" images like busybox.

* Distro images to be used as bases for your builds, like ubuntu, fedora...

* Ready-to-use components and services, like redis, postgresql...

* Over 150 at this point!

.debug[[containers/Initial_Images.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Initial_Images.md)]
---

## User namespace

The user namespace holds images for Docker Hub users and organizations.

For example:

```bash
jpetazzo/clock
```

The Docker Hub user is:

```bash
jpetazzo
```

The image name is:

```bash
clock
```

.debug[[containers/Initial_Images.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Initial_Images.md)]
---

## Self-hosted namespace

This namespace holds images which are not hosted on Docker Hub, but on third
party registries.

They contain the hostname (or IP address), and optionally the port, of the
registry server.

For example:

```bash
localhost:5000/wordpress
```

* `localhost:5000` is the host and port of the registry
* `wordpress` is the name of the image

Other examples:

```bash
quay.io/coreos/etcd
gcr.io/google-containers/hugo
```

.debug[[containers/Initial_Images.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Initial_Images.md)]
---

## How do you store and manage images?

Images can be stored:

* On your Docker host.
* In a Docker registry.

You can use the Docker client to download (pull) or upload (push) images.

To be more accurate: you can use the Docker client to tell a Docker Engine
to push and pull images to and from a registry.

.debug[[containers/Initial_Images.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Initial_Images.md)]
---

## Showing current images

Let's look at what images are on our host now.

```bash
$ docker images
REPOSITORY       TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED         SIZE
fedora           latest    ddd5c9c1d0f2   3 days ago      204.7 MB
centos           latest    d0e7f81ca65c   3 days ago      196.6 MB
ubuntu           latest    07c86167cdc4   4 days ago      188 MB
redis            latest    4f5f397d4b7c   5 days ago      177.6 MB
postgres         latest    afe2b5e1859b   5 days ago      264.5 MB
alpine           latest    70c557e50ed6   5 days ago      4.798 MB
debian           latest    f50f9524513f   6 days ago      125.1 MB
busybox          latest    3240943c9ea3   2 weeks ago     1.114 MB
training/namer   latest    902673acc741   9 months ago    289.3 MB
jpetazzo/clock   latest    12068b93616f   12 months ago   2.433 MB
```

.debug[[containers/Initial_Images.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Initial_Images.md)]
---

## Searching for images

We cannot list *all* images on a remote registry, but
we can search for a specific keyword:

```bash
$ docker search marathon
NAME                     DESCRIPTION                     STARS  OFFICIAL  AUTOMATED
mesosphere/marathon      A cluster-wide init and co...   105              [OK]
mesoscloud/marathon      Marathon                        31               [OK]
mesosphere/marathon-lb   Script to update haproxy b...   22               [OK]
tobilg/mongodb-marathon  A Docker image to start a ...   4                [OK]
```

* "Stars" indicate the popularity of the image.

* "Official" images are those in the root namespace.

* "Automated" images are built automatically by the Docker Hub.
 (This means that their build recipe is always available.)

.debug[[containers/Initial_Images.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Initial_Images.md)]
---

## Downloading images

There are two ways to download images.

* Explicitly, with `docker pull`.

* Implicitly, when executing `docker run` and the image is not found locally.

.debug[[containers/Initial_Images.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Initial_Images.md)]
---

## Pulling an image

```bash
$ docker pull debian:jessie
Pulling repository debian
b164861940b8: Download complete
b164861940b8: Pulling image (jessie) from debian
d1881793a057: Download complete
```

* As seen previously, images are made up of layers.

* Docker has downloaded all the necessary layers.

* In this example, `:jessie` indicates which exact version of Debian
  we would like.

It is a *version tag*.

.debug[[containers/Initial_Images.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Initial_Images.md)]
---

## Image and tags

* Images can have tags.

* Tags define image versions or variants.

* `docker pull ubuntu` will refer to `ubuntu:latest`.

* The `:latest` tag is generally updated often.

.debug[[containers/Initial_Images.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Initial_Images.md)]
---

## When to (not) use tags

Don't specify tags:

* When doing rapid testing and prototyping.
* When experimenting.
* When you want the latest version.

Do specify tags:

* When recording a procedure into a script.
* When going to production.
* To ensure that the same version will be used everywhere.
* To ensure repeatability later.

This is similar to what we would do with `pip install`, `npm install`, etc.

.debug[[containers/Initial_Images.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Initial_Images.md)]
---

## Section summary

We've learned how to:

* Understand images and layers.
* Understand Docker image namespacing.
* Search and download images.

.debug[[containers/Initial_Images.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Initial_Images.md)]
---

.interstitial[![Image separating from the next chapter](https://gallant-turing-d0d520.netlify.com/containers/container-housing.jpg)]

---

Building images interactively

.nav[
[Previous section](#toc-understanding-docker-images)
|
[Back to table of contents](#toc-chapter-2)
|
[Next section](#toc-building-docker-images-with-a-dockerfile)
]

---
# Building images interactively

In this section, we will create our first container image.

It will be a basic distribution image, but we will pre-install
the package `figlet`.

We will:

* Create a container from a base image.

* Install software manually in the container, and turn it
  into a new image.

* Learn about new commands: `docker commit`, `docker tag`, and `docker diff`.

.debug[[containers/Building_Images_Interactively.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Building_Images_Interactively.md)]
---

## The plan

1. Create a container (with `docker run`) using our base distro of choice.

2. Run a bunch of commands to install and set up our software in the container.

3. (Optionally) review changes in the container with `docker diff`.

4. Turn the container into a new image with `docker commit`.

5. (Optionally) add tags to the image with `docker tag`.

.debug[[containers/Building_Images_Interactively.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Building_Images_Interactively.md)]
---

## Setting up our container

Start an Ubuntu container:

```bash
$ docker run -it ubuntu
root@<yourContainerId>:#/
```

Run the command `apt-get update` to refresh the list of packages available to install.

Then run the command `apt-get install figlet` to install the program we are interested in.

```bash
root@<yourContainerId>:#/ apt-get update && apt-get install figlet
.... OUTPUT OF APT-GET COMMANDS ....
```

.debug[[containers/Building_Images_Interactively.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Building_Images_Interactively.md)]
---

## Inspect the changes

Type `exit` at the container prompt to leave the interactive session.

Now let's run `docker diff` to see the difference between the base image
and our container.

```bash
$ docker diff <yourContainerId>
C /root
A /root/.bash_history
C /tmp
C /usr
C /usr/bin
A /usr/bin/figlet
...
```

.debug[[containers/Building_Images_Interactively.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Building_Images_Interactively.md)]
---

## Docker tracks filesystem changes

As explained before:

* An image is read-only.

* When we make changes, they happen in a copy of the image.

* Docker can show the difference between the image, and its copy.

* For performance, Docker uses copy-on-write systems.
 (i.e. starting a container based on a big image
 doesn't incur a huge copy.)

.debug[[containers/Building_Images_Interactively.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Building_Images_Interactively.md)]
---

## Copy-on-write security benefits

* `docker diff` gives us an easy way to audit changes

(à la Tripwire)

* Containers can also be started in read-only mode

(their root filesystem will be read-only, but they can still have read-write data volumes)

.debug[[containers/Building_Images_Interactively.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Building_Images_Interactively.md)]
---

## Commit our changes into a new image

The `docker commit` command will create a new layer with those changes,
and a new image using this new layer.

```bash
$ docker commit <yourContainerId>
<newImageId>
```

The output of the `docker commit` command will be the ID for your newly created image.

We can use it as an argument to `docker run`.

.debug[[containers/Building_Images_Interactively.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Building_Images_Interactively.md)]
---

## Testing our new image

Let's run this image:

```bash
$ docker run -it <newImageId>
root@fcfb62f0bfde:/# figlet hello
 _ _ _ 
| |__ ___| | | ___ 
| '_ \ / _ \ | |/ _ \ 
| | | | __/ | | (_) |
|_| |_|\___|_|_|\___/ 
```

It works! .emoji[🎉]

.debug[[containers/Building_Images_Interactively.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Building_Images_Interactively.md)]
---

## Tagging images

Referring to an image by its ID is not convenient. Let's tag it instead.

We can use the `tag` command:

```bash
$ docker tag <newImageId> figlet
```

But we can also specify the tag as an extra argument to `commit`:

```bash
$ docker commit <containerId> figlet
```

And then run it using its tag:

```bash
$ docker run -it figlet
```

.debug[[containers/Building_Images_Interactively.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Building_Images_Interactively.md)]
---

## What's next?

Manual process = bad.

Automated process = good.

In the next chapter, we will learn how to automate the build
process by writing a `Dockerfile`.

.debug[[containers/Building_Images_Interactively.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Building_Images_Interactively.md)]
---

.interstitial[![Image separating from the next chapter](https://gallant-turing-d0d520.netlify.com/containers/containers-by-the-water.jpg)]

---

Building Docker images with a Dockerfile

.nav[
[Previous section](#toc-building-images-interactively)
|
[Back to table of contents](#toc-chapter-2)
|
[Next section](#toc-cmd-and-entrypoint)
]

---

# Building Docker images with a Dockerfile

![Construction site with containers](images/title-building-docker-images-with-a-dockerfile.jpg)

.debug[[containers/Building_Images_With_Dockerfiles.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Building_Images_With_Dockerfiles.md)]
---

## Objectives

We will build a container image automatically, with a `Dockerfile`.

At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

* Write a `Dockerfile`.

* Build an image from a `Dockerfile`.

.debug[[containers/Building_Images_With_Dockerfiles.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Building_Images_With_Dockerfiles.md)]
---

## `Dockerfile` overview

* A `Dockerfile` is a build recipe for a Docker image.

* It contains a series of instructions telling Docker how an image is constructed.

* The `docker build` command builds an image from a `Dockerfile`.

.debug[[containers/Building_Images_With_Dockerfiles.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Building_Images_With_Dockerfiles.md)]
---

## Writing our first `Dockerfile`

Our Dockerfile must be in a **new, empty directory**.

1. Create a directory to hold our `Dockerfile`.

```bash
$ mkdir myimage
```

2. Create a `Dockerfile` inside this directory.

```bash
$ cd myimage
$ vim Dockerfile
```

Of course, you can use any other editor of your choice.

.debug[[containers/Building_Images_With_Dockerfiles.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Building_Images_With_Dockerfiles.md)]
---

## Type this into our Dockerfile...

```dockerfile
FROM ubuntu
RUN apt-get update
RUN apt-get install figlet
```

* `FROM` indicates the base image for our build.

* Each `RUN` line will be executed by Docker during the build.

* Our `RUN` commands **must be non-interactive.**
 (No input can be provided to Docker during the build.)

* In many cases, we will add the `-y` flag to `apt-get`.

.debug[[containers/Building_Images_With_Dockerfiles.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Building_Images_With_Dockerfiles.md)]
---

## Build it!

Save our file, then execute:

```bash
$ docker build -t figlet .
```

* `-t` indicates the tag to apply to the image.

* `.` indicates the location of the *build context*.

We will talk more about the build context later.

To keep things simple for now: this is the directory where our Dockerfile is located.

.debug[[containers/Building_Images_With_Dockerfiles.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Building_Images_With_Dockerfiles.md)]
---

## What happens when we build the image?

The output of `docker build` looks like this:

.small[
```bash
docker build -t figlet .
Sending build context to Docker daemon  2.048kB
Step 1/3 : FROM ubuntu
 ---> f975c5035748
Step 2/3 : RUN apt-get update
 ---> Running in e01b294dbffd
(...output of the RUN command...)
Removing intermediate container e01b294dbffd
 ---> eb8d9b561b37
Step 3/3 : RUN apt-get install figlet
 ---> Running in c29230d70f9b
(...output of the RUN command...)
Removing intermediate container c29230d70f9b
 ---> 0dfd7a253f21
Successfully built 0dfd7a253f21
Successfully tagged figlet:latest
```
]

* The output of the `RUN` commands has been omitted.
* Let's explain what this output means.

.debug[[containers/Building_Images_With_Dockerfiles.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Building_Images_With_Dockerfiles.md)]
---

## Sending the build context to Docker

```bash
Sending build context to Docker daemon 2.048 kB
```

* The build context is the `.` directory given to `docker build`.

* It is sent (as an archive) by the Docker client to the Docker daemon.

* This allows to use a remote machine to build using local files.

* Be careful (or patient) if that directory is big and your link is slow.

* You can speed up the process with a [`.dockerignore`](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/builder/#dockerignore-file) file

* It tells docker to ignore specific files in the directory

* Only ignore files that you won't need in the build context!

.debug[[containers/Building_Images_With_Dockerfiles.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Building_Images_With_Dockerfiles.md)]
---

## Executing each step

```bash
Step 2/3 : RUN apt-get update
 ---> Running in e01b294dbffd
(...output of the RUN command...)
Removing intermediate container e01b294dbffd
 ---> eb8d9b561b37
```

* A container (`e01b294dbffd`) is created from the base image.

* The `RUN` command is executed in this container.

* The container is committed into an image (`eb8d9b561b37`).

* The build container (`e01b294dbffd`) is removed.

* The output of this step will be the base image for the next one.

.debug[[containers/Building_Images_With_Dockerfiles.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Building_Images_With_Dockerfiles.md)]
---

## The caching system

If you run the same build again, it will be instantaneous. Why?

* After each build step, Docker takes a snapshot of the resulting image.

* Before executing a step, Docker checks if it has already built the same sequence.

* Docker uses the exact strings defined in your Dockerfile, so:

* `RUN apt-get install figlet cowsay ` 
 is different from
 `RUN apt-get install cowsay figlet`
 
 * `RUN apt-get update` is not re-executed when the mirrors are updated

You can force a rebuild with `docker build --no-cache ...`.

.debug[[containers/Building_Images_With_Dockerfiles.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Building_Images_With_Dockerfiles.md)]
---

## Running the image

The resulting image is not different from the one produced manually.

```bash
$ docker run -ti figlet
root@91f3c974c9a1:/# figlet hello
 _          _ _       
| |__   ___| | | ___  
| '_ \ / _ \ | |/ _ \ 
| | | |  __/ | | (_) |
|_| |_|\___|_|_|\___/ 
```

Yay! .emoji[🎉]

.debug[[containers/Building_Images_With_Dockerfiles.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Building_Images_With_Dockerfiles.md)]
---

## Using image and viewing history

The `history` command lists all the layers composing an image.

For each layer, it shows its creation time, size, and creation command.

When an image was built with a Dockerfile, each layer corresponds to
a line of the Dockerfile.

```bash
$ docker history figlet
IMAGE CREATED CREATED BY SIZE
f9e8f1642759 About an hour ago /bin/sh -c apt-get install fi 1.627 MB
7257c37726a1 About an hour ago /bin/sh -c apt-get update 21.58 MB
07c86167cdc4 4 days ago /bin/sh -c #(nop) CMD ["/bin 0 B
<missing> 4 days ago /bin/sh -c sed -i 's/^#\s*\( 1.895 kB
<missing> 4 days ago /bin/sh -c echo '#!/bin/sh' 194.5 kB
<missing> 4 days ago /bin/sh -c #(nop) ADD file:b 187.8 MB
```

.debug[[containers/Building_Images_With_Dockerfiles.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Building_Images_With_Dockerfiles.md)]
---

## Why `sh -c`?

* On UNIX, to start a new program, we need two system calls:

- `fork()`, to create a new child process;

- `execve()`, to replace the new child process with the program to run.

* Conceptually, `execve()` works like this:

`execve(program, [list, of, arguments])`

* When we run a command, e.g. `ls -l /tmp`, something needs to parse the command.

(i.e. split the program and its arguments into a list.)

* The shell is usually doing that.

(It also takes care of expanding environment variables and special things like `~`.)

.debug[[containers/Building_Images_With_Dockerfiles.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Building_Images_With_Dockerfiles.md)]
---

## Why `sh -c`?

* When we do `RUN ls -l /tmp`, the Docker builder needs to parse the command.

* Instead of implementing its own parser, it outsources the job to the shell.

* That's why we see `sh -c ls -l /tmp` in that case.

* But we can also do the parsing jobs ourselves.

* This means passing `RUN` a list of arguments.

* This is called the *exec syntax*.

.debug[[containers/Building_Images_With_Dockerfiles.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Building_Images_With_Dockerfiles.md)]
---

## Shell syntax vs exec syntax

Dockerfile commands that execute something can have two forms:

* plain string, or *shell syntax*:
 `RUN apt-get install figlet`

* JSON list, or *exec syntax*:
 `RUN ["apt-get", "install", "figlet"]`

We are going to change our Dockerfile to see how it affects the resulting image.

.debug[[containers/Building_Images_With_Dockerfiles.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Building_Images_With_Dockerfiles.md)]
---

## Using exec syntax in our Dockerfile

Let's change our Dockerfile as follows!

```dockerfile
FROM ubuntu
RUN apt-get update
RUN ["apt-get", "install", "figlet"]
```

Then build the new Dockerfile.

```bash
$ docker build -t figlet .
```

.debug[[containers/Building_Images_With_Dockerfiles.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Building_Images_With_Dockerfiles.md)]
---

## History with exec syntax

Compare the new history:

```bash
$ docker history figlet
IMAGE CREATED CREATED BY SIZE
27954bb5faaf 10 seconds ago apt-get install figlet 1.627 MB
7257c37726a1 About an hour ago /bin/sh -c apt-get update 21.58 MB
07c86167cdc4 4 days ago /bin/sh -c #(nop) CMD ["/bin 0 B
<missing> 4 days ago /bin/sh -c sed -i 's/^#\s*\( 1.895 kB
<missing> 4 days ago /bin/sh -c echo '#!/bin/sh' 194.5 kB
<missing> 4 days ago /bin/sh -c #(nop) ADD file:b 187.8 MB
```

* Exec syntax specifies an *exact* command to execute.

* Shell syntax specifies a command to be wrapped within `/bin/sh -c "..."`.

.debug[[containers/Building_Images_With_Dockerfiles.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Building_Images_With_Dockerfiles.md)]
---

## When to use exec syntax and shell syntax

* shell syntax:

* is easier to write
  * interpolates environment variables and other shell expressions
  * creates an extra process (`/bin/sh -c ...`) to parse the string
  * requires `/bin/sh` to exist in the container

* exec syntax:

* is harder to write (and read!)
  * passes all arguments without extra processing
  * doesn't create an extra process
  * doesn't require `/bin/sh` to exist in the container

.debug[[containers/Building_Images_With_Dockerfiles.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Building_Images_With_Dockerfiles.md)]
---

## Pro-tip: the `exec` shell built-in

POSIX shells have a built-in command named `exec`.

`exec` should be followed by a program and its arguments.

From a user perspective:

- it looks like the shell exits right away after the command execution,

- in fact, the shell exits just *before* command execution;

- or rather, the shell gets *replaced* by the command.

.debug[[containers/Building_Images_With_Dockerfiles.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Building_Images_With_Dockerfiles.md)]
---

## Example using `exec`

```dockerfile
CMD exec figlet -f script hello
```

In this example, `sh -c` will still be used, but
`figlet` will be PID 1 in the container.

The shell gets replaced by `figlet` when `figlet` starts execution.

This allows to run processes as PID 1 without using JSON.

.debug[[containers/Building_Images_With_Dockerfiles.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Building_Images_With_Dockerfiles.md)]
---

.interstitial[![Image separating from the next chapter](https://gallant-turing-d0d520.netlify.com/containers/distillery-containers.jpg)]

---

`CMD` and `ENTRYPOINT`

.nav[
[Previous section](#toc-building-docker-images-with-a-dockerfile)
|
[Back to table of contents](#toc-chapter-2)
|
[Next section](#toc-copying-files-during-the-build)
]

---

# `CMD` and `ENTRYPOINT`

![Container entry doors](images/entrypoint.jpg)

.debug[[containers/Cmd_And_Entrypoint.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Cmd_And_Entrypoint.md)]
---

## Objectives

In this lesson, we will learn about two important
Dockerfile commands:

`CMD` and `ENTRYPOINT`.

These commands allow us to set the default command
to run in a container.

.debug[[containers/Cmd_And_Entrypoint.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Cmd_And_Entrypoint.md)]
---

## Defining a default command

When people run our container, we want to greet them with a nice hello message, and using a custom font.

For that, we will execute:

```bash
figlet -f script hello
```

* `-f script` tells figlet to use a fancy font.

* `hello` is the message that we want it to display.

.debug[[containers/Cmd_And_Entrypoint.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Cmd_And_Entrypoint.md)]
---

## Adding `CMD` to our Dockerfile

Our new Dockerfile will look like this:

```dockerfile
FROM ubuntu
RUN apt-get update
RUN ["apt-get", "install", "figlet"]
CMD figlet -f script hello
```

* `CMD` defines a default command to run when none is given.

* It can appear at any point in the file.

* Each `CMD` will replace and override the previous one.

* As a result, while you can have multiple `CMD` lines, it is useless.

.debug[[containers/Cmd_And_Entrypoint.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Cmd_And_Entrypoint.md)]
---

## Build and test our image

Let's build it:

```bash
$ docker build -t figlet .
...
Successfully built 042dff3b4a8d
Successfully tagged figlet:latest
```

And run it:

```bash
$ docker run figlet
 _          _   _       
| |        | | | |      
| |     _  | | | |  __  
|/ \   |/  |/  |/  /  \_
|   |_/|__/|__/|__/\__/ 
```

.debug[[containers/Cmd_And_Entrypoint.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Cmd_And_Entrypoint.md)]
---

## Overriding `CMD`

If we want to get a shell into our container (instead of running
`figlet`), we just have to specify a different program to run:

```bash
$ docker run -it figlet bash
root@7ac86a641116:/# 
```

* We specified `bash`.

* It replaced the value of `CMD`.

.debug[[containers/Cmd_And_Entrypoint.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Cmd_And_Entrypoint.md)]
---

## Using `ENTRYPOINT`

We want to be able to specify a different message on the command line,
while retaining `figlet` and some default parameters.

In other words, we would like to be able to do this:

```bash
$ docker run figlet salut
           _            
          | |           
 ,   __,  | |       _|_ 
/ \_/  |  |/  |   |  |  
 \/ \_/|_/|__/ \_/|_/|_/
```

We will use the `ENTRYPOINT` verb in Dockerfile.

.debug[[containers/Cmd_And_Entrypoint.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Cmd_And_Entrypoint.md)]
---

## Adding `ENTRYPOINT` to our Dockerfile

Our new Dockerfile will look like this:

```dockerfile
FROM ubuntu
RUN apt-get update
RUN ["apt-get", "install", "figlet"]
ENTRYPOINT ["figlet", "-f", "script"]
```

* `ENTRYPOINT` defines a base command (and its parameters) for the container.

* The command line arguments are appended to those parameters.

* Like `CMD`, `ENTRYPOINT` can appear anywhere, and replaces the previous value.

Why did we use JSON syntax for our `ENTRYPOINT`?

.debug[[containers/Cmd_And_Entrypoint.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Cmd_And_Entrypoint.md)]
---

## Implications of JSON vs string syntax

* When CMD or ENTRYPOINT use string syntax, they get wrapped in `sh -c`.

* To avoid this wrapping, we can use JSON syntax.

What if we used `ENTRYPOINT` with string syntax?

```bash
$ docker run figlet salut
```

This would run the following command in the `figlet` image:

```bash
sh -c "figlet -f script" salut
```

.debug[[containers/Cmd_And_Entrypoint.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Cmd_And_Entrypoint.md)]
---

## Build and test our image

Let's build it:

```bash
$ docker build -t figlet .
...
Successfully built 36f588918d73
Successfully tagged figlet:latest
```

And run it:

```bash
$ docker run figlet salut
           _            
          | |           
 ,   __,  | |       _|_ 
/ \_/  |  |/  |   |  |  
 \/ \_/|_/|__/ \_/|_/|_/
```

.debug[[containers/Cmd_And_Entrypoint.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Cmd_And_Entrypoint.md)]
---

## Using `CMD` and `ENTRYPOINT` together

What if we want to define a default message for our container?

Then we will use `ENTRYPOINT` and `CMD` together.

* `ENTRYPOINT` will define the base command for our container.

* `CMD` will define the default parameter(s) for this command.

* They *both* have to use JSON syntax.

.debug[[containers/Cmd_And_Entrypoint.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Cmd_And_Entrypoint.md)]
---

## `CMD` and `ENTRYPOINT` together

Our new Dockerfile will look like this:

```dockerfile
FROM ubuntu
RUN apt-get update
RUN ["apt-get", "install", "figlet"]
ENTRYPOINT ["figlet", "-f", "script"]
CMD ["hello world"]
```

* `ENTRYPOINT` defines a base command (and its parameters) for the container.

* If we don't specify extra command-line arguments when starting the container,
  the value of `CMD` is appended.

* Otherwise, our extra command-line arguments are used instead of `CMD`.

.debug[[containers/Cmd_And_Entrypoint.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Cmd_And_Entrypoint.md)]
---

## Build and test our image

Let's build it:

```bash
$ docker build -t myfiglet .
...
Successfully built 6e0b6a048a07
Successfully tagged myfiglet:latest
```

Run it without parameters:

```bash
$ docker run myfiglet
 _          _   _                             _        
| |        | | | |                           | |    |  
| |     _  | | | |  __             __   ,_   | |  __|  
|/ \   |/  |/  |/  /  \_  |  |  |_/  \_/  |  |/  /  |  
|   |_/|__/|__/|__/\__/    \/ \/  \__/    |_/|__/\_/|_/
```

.debug[[containers/Cmd_And_Entrypoint.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Cmd_And_Entrypoint.md)]
---

## Overriding the image default parameters

Now let's pass extra arguments to the image.

```bash
$ docker run myfiglet hola mundo
 _           _                                               
| |         | |                                      |       
| |     __  | |  __,     _  _  _           _  _    __|   __  
|/ \   /  \_|/  /  |    / |/ |/ |  |   |  / |/ |  /  |  /  \_
|   |_/\__/ |__/\_/|_/    |  |  |_/ \_/|_/  |  |_/\_/|_/\__/ 
```

We overrode `CMD` but still used `ENTRYPOINT`.

.debug[[containers/Cmd_And_Entrypoint.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Cmd_And_Entrypoint.md)]
---

## Overriding `ENTRYPOINT`

What if we want to run a shell in our container?

We cannot just do `docker run myfiglet bash` because
that would just tell figlet to display the word "bash."

We use the `--entrypoint` parameter:

```bash
$ docker run -it --entrypoint bash myfiglet
root@6027e44e2955:/# 
```

.debug[[containers/Cmd_And_Entrypoint.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Cmd_And_Entrypoint.md)]
---

.interstitial[![Image separating from the next chapter](https://gallant-turing-d0d520.netlify.com/containers/lots-of-containers.jpg)]

---

Copying files during the build

.nav[
[Previous section](#toc-cmd-and-entrypoint)
|
[Back to table of contents](#toc-chapter-2)
|
[Next section](#toc-exercise--writing-dockerfiles)
]

---

# Copying files during the build

![Monks copying books](images/title-copying-files-during-build.jpg)

.debug[[containers/Copying_Files_During_Build.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Copying_Files_During_Build.md)]
---

## Objectives

So far, we have installed things in our container images
by downloading packages.

We can also copy files from the *build context* to the
container that we are building.

Remember: the *build context* is the directory containing
the Dockerfile.

In this chapter, we will learn a new Dockerfile keyword: `COPY`.

.debug[[containers/Copying_Files_During_Build.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Copying_Files_During_Build.md)]
---

## Build some C code

We want to build a container that compiles a basic "Hello world" program in C.

Here is the program, `hello.c`:

```bash
int main () {
  puts("Hello, world!");
  return 0;
}
```

Let's create a new directory, and put this file in there.

Then we will write the Dockerfile.

.debug[[containers/Copying_Files_During_Build.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Copying_Files_During_Build.md)]
---

## The Dockerfile

On Debian and Ubuntu, the package `build-essential` will get us a compiler.

When installing it, don't forget to specify the `-y` flag, otherwise the build will fail (since the build cannot be interactive).

Then we will use `COPY` to place the source file into the container.

```bash
FROM ubuntu
RUN apt-get update
RUN apt-get install -y build-essential
COPY hello.c /
RUN make hello
CMD /hello
```

Create this Dockerfile.

.debug[[containers/Copying_Files_During_Build.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Copying_Files_During_Build.md)]
---

## Testing our C program

* Create `hello.c` and `Dockerfile` in the same directory.

* Run `docker build -t hello .` in this directory.

* Run `docker run hello`, you should see `Hello, world!`.

Success!

.debug[[containers/Copying_Files_During_Build.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Copying_Files_During_Build.md)]
---

## `COPY` and the build cache

* Run the build again.

* Now, modify `hello.c` and run the build again.

* Docker can cache steps involving `COPY`.

* Those steps will not be executed again if the files haven't been changed.

.debug[[containers/Copying_Files_During_Build.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Copying_Files_During_Build.md)]
---

## Details

* You can `COPY` whole directories recursively.

* Older Dockerfiles also have the `ADD` instruction.
 It is similar but can automatically extract archives.

* If we really wanted to compile C code in a container, we would:

* Place it in a different directory, with the `WORKDIR` instruction.

* Even better, use the `gcc` official image.

.debug[[containers/Copying_Files_During_Build.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Copying_Files_During_Build.md)]
---

.interstitial[![Image separating from the next chapter](https://gallant-turing-d0d520.netlify.com/containers/plastic-containers.JPG)]

---

Exercise — writing Dockerfiles

.nav[
[Previous section](#toc-copying-files-during-the-build)
|
[Back to table of contents](#toc-chapter-2)
|
[Next section](#toc-container-networking-basics)
]

---
# Exercise — writing Dockerfiles

Let's write Dockerfiles for an existing application!

The code is at: https://github.com/jpetazzo/wordsmith

.debug[[containers/Exercise_Dockerfile_Basic.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Exercise_Dockerfile_Basic.md)]
---

.interstitial[![Image separating from the next chapter](https://gallant-turing-d0d520.netlify.com/containers/train-of-containers-1.jpg)]

---

Container networking basics

.nav[
[Previous section](#toc-exercise--writing-dockerfiles)
|
[Back to table of contents](#toc-chapter-3)
|
[Next section](#toc-local-development-workflow-with-docker)
]

---

# Container networking basics

![A dense graph network](images/title-container-networking-basics.jpg)

.debug[[containers/Container_Networking_Basics.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Container_Networking_Basics.md)]
---

## Objectives

We will now run network services (accepting requests) in containers.

At the end of this section, you will be able to:

* Run a network service in a container.

* Manipulate container networking basics.

* Find a container's IP address.

We will also explain the different network models used by Docker.

.debug[[containers/Container_Networking_Basics.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Container_Networking_Basics.md)]
---

## A simple, static web server

Run the Docker Hub image `nginx`, which contains a basic web server:

```bash
$ docker run -d -P nginx
66b1ce719198711292c8f34f84a7b68c3876cf9f67015e752b94e189d35a204e
```

* Docker will download the image from the Docker Hub.

* `-d` tells Docker to run the image in the background.

* `-P` tells Docker to make this service reachable from other computers.
 (`-P` is the short version of `--publish-all`.)

But, how do we connect to our web server now?

.debug[[containers/Container_Networking_Basics.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Container_Networking_Basics.md)]
---

## Finding our web server port

We will use `docker ps`:

```bash
$ docker ps
CONTAINER ID  IMAGE  ...  PORTS                  ...
e40ffb406c9e  nginx  ...  0.0.0.0:32768->80/tcp  ...
```

* The web server is running on port 80 inside the container.

* This port is mapped to port 32768 on our Docker host.

We will explain the whys and hows of this port mapping.

But first, let's make sure that everything works properly.

.debug[[containers/Container_Networking_Basics.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Container_Networking_Basics.md)]
---

## Connecting to our web server (GUI)

Point your browser to the IP address of your Docker host, on the port
shown by `docker ps` for container port 80.

![Screenshot](images/welcome-to-nginx.png)

.debug[[containers/Container_Networking_Basics.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Container_Networking_Basics.md)]
---

## Connecting to our web server (CLI)

You can also use `curl` directly from the Docker host.

Make sure to use the right port number if it is different
from the example below:

```bash
$ curl localhost:32768
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Welcome to nginx!</title>
...
```

.debug[[containers/Container_Networking_Basics.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Container_Networking_Basics.md)]
---

## How does Docker know which port to map?

* There is metadata in the image telling "this image has something on port 80".

* We can see that metadata with `docker inspect`:

```bash
$ docker inspect --format '{{.Config.ExposedPorts}}' nginx
map[80/tcp:{}]
```

* This metadata was set in the Dockerfile, with the `EXPOSE` keyword.

* We can see that with `docker history`:

```bash
$ docker history nginx
IMAGE CREATED CREATED BY
7f70b30f2cc6 11 days ago /bin/sh -c #(nop) CMD ["nginx" "-g" "…
<missing> 11 days ago /bin/sh -c #(nop) STOPSIGNAL [SIGTERM]
<missing> 11 days ago /bin/sh -c #(nop) EXPOSE 80/tcp
```

.debug[[containers/Container_Networking_Basics.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Container_Networking_Basics.md)]
---

## Why are we mapping ports?

* We are out of IPv4 addresses.

* Containers cannot have public IPv4 addresses.

* They have private addresses.

* Services have to be exposed port by port.

* Ports have to be mapped to avoid conflicts.

.debug[[containers/Container_Networking_Basics.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Container_Networking_Basics.md)]
---

## Finding the web server port in a script

Parsing the output of `docker ps` would be painful.

There is a command to help us:

```bash
$ docker port <containerID> 80
32768
```

.debug[[containers/Container_Networking_Basics.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Container_Networking_Basics.md)]
---

## Manual allocation of port numbers

If you want to set port numbers yourself, no problem:

```bash
$ docker run -d -p 80:80 nginx
$ docker run -d -p 8000:80 nginx
$ docker run -d -p 8080:80 -p 8888:80 nginx
```

* We are running three NGINX web servers.
* The first one is exposed on port 80.
* The second one is exposed on port 8000.
* The third one is exposed on ports 8080 and 8888.

Note: the convention is `port-on-host:port-on-container`.

.debug[[containers/Container_Networking_Basics.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Container_Networking_Basics.md)]
---

## Plumbing containers into your infrastructure

There are many ways to integrate containers in your network.

* Start the container, letting Docker allocate a public port for it.
 Then retrieve that port number and feed it to your configuration.

* Pick a fixed port number in advance, when you generate your configuration.
 Then start your container by setting the port numbers manually.

* Use a network plugin, connecting your containers with e.g. VLANs, tunnels...

* Enable *Swarm Mode* to deploy across a cluster.
 The container will then be reachable through any node of the cluster.

When using Docker through an extra management layer like Mesos or Kubernetes,
these will usually provide their own mechanism to expose containers.

.debug[[containers/Container_Networking_Basics.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Container_Networking_Basics.md)]
---

## Finding the container's IP address

We can use the `docker inspect` command to find the IP address of the
container.

```bash
$ docker inspect --format '{{ .NetworkSettings.IPAddress }}' <yourContainerID>
172.17.0.3
```

* `docker inspect` is an advanced command, that can retrieve a ton
  of information about our containers.

* Here, we provide it with a format string to extract exactly the
  private IP address of the container.

.debug[[containers/Container_Networking_Basics.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Container_Networking_Basics.md)]
---

## Pinging our container

We can test connectivity to the container using the IP address we've
just discovered. Let's see this now by using the `ping` tool.

```bash
$ ping <ipAddress>
64 bytes from <ipAddress>: icmp_req=1 ttl=64 time=0.085 ms
64 bytes from <ipAddress>: icmp_req=2 ttl=64 time=0.085 ms
64 bytes from <ipAddress>: icmp_req=3 ttl=64 time=0.085 ms
```

.debug[[containers/Container_Networking_Basics.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Container_Networking_Basics.md)]
---

## Section summary

We've learned how to:

* Expose a network port.

* Manipulate container networking basics.

* Find a container's IP address.

In the next chapter, we will see how to connect
containers together without exposing their ports.

.debug[[containers/Container_Networking_Basics.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Container_Networking_Basics.md)]
---

.interstitial[![Image separating from the next chapter](https://gallant-turing-d0d520.netlify.com/containers/train-of-containers-2.jpg)]

---

Local development workflow with Docker

.nav[
[Previous section](#toc-container-networking-basics)
|
[Back to table of contents](#toc-chapter-3)
|
[Next section](#toc-the-container-network-model)
]

---

# Local development workflow with Docker

![Construction site](images/title-local-development-workflow-with-docker.jpg)

.debug[[containers/Local_Development_Workflow.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Local_Development_Workflow.md)]
---

## Objectives

At the end of this section, you will be able to:

* Share code between container and host.

* Use a simple local development workflow.

.debug[[containers/Local_Development_Workflow.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Local_Development_Workflow.md)]
---

## Local development in a container

We want to solve the following issues:

- "Works on my machine"

- "Not the same version"

- "Missing dependency"

By using Docker containers, we will get a consistent development environment.

.debug[[containers/Local_Development_Workflow.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Local_Development_Workflow.md)]
---

## Working on the "namer" application

* We have to work on some application whose code is at:

https://github.com/jpetazzo/namer.

* What is it? We don't know yet!

* Let's download the code.

```bash
$ git clone https://github.com/jpetazzo/namer
```

.debug[[containers/Local_Development_Workflow.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Local_Development_Workflow.md)]
---

## Looking at the code

```bash
$ cd namer
$ ls -1
company_name_generator.rb
config.ru
docker-compose.yml
Dockerfile
Gemfile
```

Aha, a `Gemfile`! This is Ruby. Probably. We know this. Maybe?

.debug[[containers/Local_Development_Workflow.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Local_Development_Workflow.md)]
---

## Looking at the `Dockerfile`

```dockerfile
FROM ruby

COPY . /src
WORKDIR /src
RUN bundler install

CMD ["rackup", "--host", "0.0.0.0"]
EXPOSE 9292
```

* This application is using a base `ruby` image.
* The code is copied in `/src`.
* Dependencies are installed with `bundler`.
* The application is started with `rackup`.
* It is listening on port 9292.

.debug[[containers/Local_Development_Workflow.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Local_Development_Workflow.md)]
---

## Building and running the "namer" application

* Let's build the application with the `Dockerfile`!

```bash
$ docker build -t namer .
```

* Then run it. *We need to expose its ports.*

```bash
$ docker run -dP namer
```

* Check on which port the container is listening.

```bash
$ docker ps -l
```

.debug[[containers/Local_Development_Workflow.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Local_Development_Workflow.md)]
---

## Connecting to our application

* Point our browser to our Docker node, on the port allocated to the container.

* Hit "reload" a few times.

* This is an enterprise-class, carrier-grade, ISO-compliant company name generator!

(With 50% more bullshit than the average competition!)

(Wait, was that 50% more, or 50% less? *Anyway!*)

![web application 1](images/webapp-in-blue.png)

.debug[[containers/Local_Development_Workflow.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Local_Development_Workflow.md)]
---

## Making changes to the code

Option 1:

* Edit the code locally
* Rebuild the image
* Re-run the container

Option 2:

* Enter the container (with `docker exec`)
* Install an editor
* Make changes from within the container

Option 3:

* Use a *volume* to mount local files into the container
* Make changes locally
* Changes are reflected in the container

.debug[[containers/Local_Development_Workflow.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Local_Development_Workflow.md)]
---

## Our first volume

We will tell Docker to map the current directory to `/src` in the container.

```bash
$ docker run -d -v $(pwd):/src -P namer
```

* `-d`: the container should run in detached mode (in the background).

* `-v`: the following host directory should be mounted inside the container.

* `-P`: publish all the ports exposed by this image.

* `namer` is the name of the image we will run.

* We don't specify a command to run because it is already set in the Dockerfile via `CMD`.

Note: on Windows, replace `$(pwd)` with `%cd%` (or `${pwd}` if you use PowerShell).

.debug[[containers/Local_Development_Workflow.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Local_Development_Workflow.md)]
---

## Mounting volumes inside containers

The `-v` flag mounts a directory from your host into your Docker container.

The flag structure is:

```bash
[host-path]:[container-path]:[rw|ro]
```

* `[host-path]` and `[container-path]` are created if they don't exist.

* You can control the write status of the volume with the `ro` and
  `rw` options.

* If you don't specify `rw` or `ro`, it will be `rw` by default.

There will be a full chapter about volumes!

.debug[[containers/Local_Development_Workflow.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Local_Development_Workflow.md)]
---

## Testing the development container

* Check the port used by our new container.

```bash
$ docker ps -l
CONTAINER ID  IMAGE  COMMAND  CREATED        STATUS  PORTS                   NAMES
045885b68bc5  namer  rackup   3 seconds ago  Up ...  0.0.0.0:32770->9292/tcp ...
```

* Open the application in your web browser.

.debug[[containers/Local_Development_Workflow.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Local_Development_Workflow.md)]
---

## Making a change to our application

Our customer really doesn't like the color of our text. Let's change it.

```bash
$ vi company_name_generator.rb
```

And change

```css
color: royalblue;
```

To:

```css
color: red;
```

.debug[[containers/Local_Development_Workflow.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Local_Development_Workflow.md)]
---

## Viewing our changes

* Reload the application in our browser.

* The color should have changed.

![web application 2](images/webapp-in-red.png)

.debug[[containers/Local_Development_Workflow.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Local_Development_Workflow.md)]
---

## Understanding volumes

* Volumes are *not* copying or synchronizing files between the host and the container.

* Volumes are *bind mounts*: a kernel mechanism associating one path with another.

* Bind mounts are *kind of* similar to symbolic links, but at a very different level.

* Changes made on the host or on the container will be visible on the other side.

(Under the hood, it's the same file anyway.)

.debug[[containers/Local_Development_Workflow.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Local_Development_Workflow.md)]
---

## Trash your servers and burn your code

*(This is the title of a
[2013 blog post](http://chadfowler.com/2013/06/23/immutable-deployments.html)
by Chad Fowler, where he explains the concept of immutable infrastructure.)*

* Let's majorly mess up our container.

(Remove files or whatever.)

* Now, how can we fix this?

* Our old container (with the blue version of the code) is still running.

* See on which port it is exposed:
  ```bash
  docker ps
  ```

* Point our browser to it to confirm that it still works fine.

.debug[[containers/Local_Development_Workflow.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Local_Development_Workflow.md)]
---

## Immutable infrastructure in a nutshell

* Instead of *updating* a server, we deploy a new one.

* This might be challenging with classical servers, but it's trivial with containers.

* In fact, with Docker, the most logical workflow is to build a new image and run it.

* If something goes wrong with the new image, we can always restart the old one.

* We can even keep both versions running side by side.

If this pattern sounds interesting, you might want to read about *blue/green deployment*
and *canary deployments*.

.debug[[containers/Local_Development_Workflow.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Local_Development_Workflow.md)]
---

## Recap of the development workflow

1. Write a Dockerfile to build an image containing our development environment.
 
 (Rails, Django, ... and all the dependencies for our app)

2. Start a container from that image.
 
 Use the `-v` flag to mount our source code inside the container.

3. Edit the source code outside the container, using familiar tools.
 
 (vim, emacs, textmate...)

4. Test the application.
 
 (Some frameworks pick up changes automatically.
 Others require you to Ctrl-C + restart after each modification.)

5. Iterate and repeat steps 3 and 4 until satisfied.

6. When done, commit+push source code changes.

.debug[[containers/Local_Development_Workflow.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Local_Development_Workflow.md)]
---

## Debugging inside the container

Docker has a command called `docker exec`.

It allows users to run a new process in a container which is already running.

If sometimes you find yourself wishing you could SSH into a container: you can use `docker exec` instead.

You can get a shell prompt inside an existing container this way, or run an arbitrary process for automation.

.debug[[containers/Local_Development_Workflow.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Local_Development_Workflow.md)]
---

## `docker exec` example

```bash
$ # You can run ruby commands in the area the app is running and more!
$ docker exec -it <yourContainerId> bash
root@5ca27cf74c2e:/opt/namer# irb
irb(main):001:0> [0, 1, 2, 3, 4].map {|x| x ** 2}.compact
=> [0, 1, 4, 9, 16]
irb(main):002:0> exit
```

.debug[[containers/Local_Development_Workflow.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Local_Development_Workflow.md)]
---

## Stopping the container

Now that we're done let's stop our container.

```bash
$ docker stop <yourContainerID>
```

And remove it.

```bash
$ docker rm <yourContainerID>
```

.debug[[containers/Local_Development_Workflow.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Local_Development_Workflow.md)]
---

## Section summary

We've learned how to:

* Share code between container and host.

* Set our working directory.

* Use a simple local development workflow.

.debug[[containers/Local_Development_Workflow.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Local_Development_Workflow.md)]
---

.interstitial[![Image separating from the next chapter](https://gallant-turing-d0d520.netlify.com/containers/two-containers-on-a-truck.jpg)]

---

The Container Network Model

.nav[
[Previous section](#toc-local-development-workflow-with-docker)
|
[Back to table of contents](#toc-chapter-3)
|
[Next section](#toc-service-discovery-with-containers)
]

---

# The Container Network Model

![A denser graph network](images/title-the-container-network-model.jpg)

.debug[[containers/Container_Network_Model.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Container_Network_Model.md)]
---

## Objectives

We will learn about the CNM (Container Network Model).

At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

* Create a private network for a group of containers.

* Use container naming to connect services together.

* Dynamically connect and disconnect containers to networks.

* Set the IP address of a container.

We will also explain the principle of overlay networks and network plugins.

.debug[[containers/Container_Network_Model.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Container_Network_Model.md)]
---

## The Container Network Model

The CNM adds the notion of a *network*, and a new top-level command to manipulate and see those networks: `docker network`.

```bash
$ docker network ls
NETWORK ID          NAME                DRIVER
6bde79dfcf70        bridge              bridge
8d9c78725538        none                null
eb0eeab782f4        host                host
4c1ff84d6d3f        blog-dev            overlay
228a4355d548        blog-prod           overlay
```

.debug[[containers/Container_Network_Model.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Container_Network_Model.md)]
---

## What's in a network?

* Conceptually, a network is a virtual switch.

(It's similar to e.g. a VLAN, or a WiFi network.)

* It can be local (to a single Engine) or global (spanning multiple hosts).

* A network has an IP subnet associated to it.

* Docker will allocate IP addresses to the containers connected to a network.

* Containers can be connected to multiple networks.

* Containers can be given per-network names and aliases.

* The names and aliases can be resolved via an embedded DNS server.

.debug[[containers/Container_Network_Model.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Container_Network_Model.md)]
---

## Network implementation details

* A network is managed by a *driver*.

* The built-in drivers include:

* `bridge` (default)

* `none`

* `host`

* `macvlan`

* A multi-host driver, *overlay*, is available out of the box (for Swarm clusters).

* More drivers can be provided by plugins (OVS, VLAN...)

* A network can have a custom IPAM (IP allocator).

.debug[[containers/Container_Network_Model.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Container_Network_Model.md)]
---

## Differences with the CNI

* CNI = Container Network Interface

* CNI is used notably by Kubernetes

* With CNI, all the nodes and containers are on a single IP network

* Both CNI and CNM offer the same functionality, but with very different methods

.debug[[containers/Container_Network_Model.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Container_Network_Model.md)]
---

## Single container in a Docker network

![bridge0](images/bridge1.png)

.debug[[containers/Container_Network_Model.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Container_Network_Model.md)]
---

## Two containers on a single Docker network

![bridge2](images/bridge2.png)

.debug[[containers/Container_Network_Model.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Container_Network_Model.md)]
---

## Two containers on two Docker networks

![bridge3](images/bridge3.png)

.debug[[containers/Container_Network_Model.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Container_Network_Model.md)]
---

## Creating a network

Let's create a network called `dev`.

```bash
$ docker network create dev
4c1ff84d6d3f1733d3e233ee039cac276f425a9d5228a4355d54878293a889ba
```

The network is now visible with the `network ls` command:

```bash
$ docker network ls
NETWORK ID          NAME                DRIVER
6bde79dfcf70        bridge              bridge
8d9c78725538        none                null
eb0eeab782f4        host                host
4c1ff84d6d3f        dev                 bridge
```

.debug[[containers/Container_Network_Model.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Container_Network_Model.md)]
---

.interstitial[![Image separating from the next chapter](https://gallant-turing-d0d520.netlify.com/containers/wall-of-containers.jpeg)]

---

Service discovery with containers

.nav[
[Previous section](#toc-the-container-network-model)
|
[Back to table of contents](#toc-chapter-3)
|
[Next section](#toc-compose-for-development-stacks)
]

---

# Service discovery with containers

* Let's try to run an application that requires two containers.

* The first container is a web server.

* The other one is a redis data store.

* We will place them both on the `dev` network created before.

.debug[[containers/Container_Network_Model.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Container_Network_Model.md)]
---

## Running the web server

* The application is provided by the container image `jpetazzo/trainingwheels`.

* We don't know much about it so we will try to run it and see what happens!

Start the container, exposing all its ports:

```bash
$ docker run --net dev -d -P jpetazzo/trainingwheels
```

Check the port that has been allocated to it:

```bash
$ docker ps -l
```

.debug[[containers/Container_Network_Model.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Container_Network_Model.md)]
---

## Test the web server

* If we connect to the application now, we will see an error page:

![Trainingwheels error](images/trainingwheels-error.png)

* This is because the Redis service is not running.
* This container tries to resolve the name `redis`.

Note: we're not using a FQDN or an IP address here; just `redis`.

.debug[[containers/Container_Network_Model.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Container_Network_Model.md)]
---

## Start the data store

* We need to start a Redis container.

* That container must be on the same network as the web server.

* We must give it a network alias (`redis`) so the application can find it.

Start the container:

```bash
$ docker run --net dev --net-alias redis -d redis
```

Note: we could also use `--name redis`.

.debug[[containers/Container_Network_Model.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Container_Network_Model.md)]
---

## Test the web server again

* If we connect to the application now, we should see that the app is working correctly:

![Trainingwheels OK](images/trainingwheels-ok.png)

* When the app tries to resolve `redis`, instead of getting a DNS error, it gets the IP address of our Redis container.

.debug[[containers/Container_Network_Model.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Container_Network_Model.md)]
---

## A few words on *scope*

* What if we want to run multiple copies of our application?

* We can use `--net-alias redis` for multiple containers.

* Network aliases are scoped per network, and independent from container names.

* However, we can use `--name redis` only once, since names are unique.

.debug[[containers/Container_Network_Model.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Container_Network_Model.md)]
---

## Good to know ...

* Docker will not create network names and aliases on the default `bridge` network.

* Therefore, if you want to use those features, you have to create a custom network first.

* Network aliases are *not* unique on a given network.

* i.e., multiple containers can have the same alias on the same network.

* In that scenario, the Docker DNS server will return multiple records.
 
 (i.e. you will get DNS round robin out of the box.)

* Enabling *Swarm Mode* gives access to clustering and load balancing with IPVS.

* Creation of networks and network aliases is generally automated with tools like Compose.

.debug[[containers/Container_Network_Model.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Container_Network_Model.md)]
---

## A few words about round robin DNS

Don't rely exclusively on round robin DNS to achieve load balancing.

Many factors can affect DNS resolution, and you might see:

- all traffic going to a single instance;
- traffic being split (unevenly) between some instances;
- different behavior depending on your application language;
- different behavior depending on your base distro;
- different behavior depending on other factors (sic).

It's OK to use DNS to discover available endpoints, but remember that you have to re-resolve every now and then to discover new endpoints.

.debug[[containers/Container_Network_Model.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Container_Network_Model.md)]
---

## Custom networks

When creating a network, extra options can be provided.

* `--internal` disables outbound traffic (the network won't have a default gateway).

* `--gateway` indicates which address to use for the gateway (when outbound traffic is allowed).

* `--subnet` (in CIDR notation) indicates the subnet to use.

* `--ip-range` (in CIDR notation) indicates the subnet to allocate from.

* `--aux-address` allows specifying a list of reserved addresses (which won't be allocated to containers).

.debug[[containers/Container_Network_Model.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Container_Network_Model.md)]
---

## Setting containers' IP address

* It is possible to set a container's address with `--ip`.
* The IP address has to be within the subnet used for the container.

A full example would look like this.

```bash
$ docker network create --subnet 10.66.0.0/16 pubnet
42fb16ec412383db6289a3e39c3c0224f395d7f85bcb1859b279e7a564d4e135
$ docker run --net pubnet --ip 10.66.66.66 -d nginx
b2887adeb5578a01fd9c55c435cad56bbbe802350711d2743691f95743680b09
```

*Note: don't hard code container IP addresses in your code!*

*I repeat: don't hard code container IP addresses in your code!*

.debug[[containers/Container_Network_Model.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Container_Network_Model.md)]
---

## Overlay networks

* The features we've seen so far only work when all containers are on a single host.

* If containers span multiple hosts, we need an *overlay* network to connect them together.

* Docker ships with a default network plugin, `overlay`, implementing an overlay network leveraging
  VXLAN, *enabled with Swarm Mode*.

* Other plugins (Weave, Calico...) can provide overlay networks as well.

* Once you have an overlay network, *all the features that we've used in this chapter work identically
  across multiple hosts.*

.debug[[containers/Container_Network_Model.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Container_Network_Model.md)]
---

## Multi-host networking (overlay)

Out of the scope for this intro-level workshop!

Very short instructions:

- enable Swarm Mode (`docker swarm init` then `docker swarm join` on other nodes)
- `docker network create mynet --driver overlay`
- `docker service create --network mynet myimage`

If you want to learn more about Swarm mode, you can check
[this video](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EuzoEaE6Cqs)
or [these slides](https://container.training/swarm-selfpaced.yml.html).

.debug[[containers/Container_Network_Model.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Container_Network_Model.md)]
---

## Multi-host networking (plugins)

Out of the scope for this intro-level workshop!

General idea:

- install the plugin (they often ship within containers)

- run the plugin (if it's in a container, it will often require extra parameters; don't just `docker run` it blindly!)

- some plugins require configuration or activation (creating a special file that tells Docker "use the plugin whose control socket is at the following location")

- you can then `docker network create --driver pluginname`

.debug[[containers/Container_Network_Model.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Container_Network_Model.md)]
---

.interstitial[![Image separating from the next chapter](https://gallant-turing-d0d520.netlify.com/containers/Container-Ship-Freighter-Navigation-Elbe-Romance-1782991.jpg)]

---

Compose for development stacks

.nav[
[Previous section](#toc-service-discovery-with-containers)
|
[Back to table of contents](#toc-chapter-3)
|
[Next section](#toc-exercise--writing-a-compose-file)
]

---
# Compose for development stacks

Dockerfiles are great to build container images.

But what if we work with a complex stack made of multiple containers?

Eventually, we will want to write some custom scripts and automation to build, run, and connect
our containers together.

There is a better way: using Docker Compose.

In this section, you will use Compose to bootstrap a development environment.

.debug[[containers/Compose_For_Dev_Stacks.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Compose_For_Dev_Stacks.md)]
---

## What is Docker Compose?

Docker Compose (formerly known as `fig`) is an external tool.

Unlike the Docker Engine, it is written in Python. It's open source as well.

The general idea of Compose is to enable a very simple, powerful onboarding workflow:

1. Checkout your code.

2. Run `docker-compose up`.

3. Your app is up and running!

.debug[[containers/Compose_For_Dev_Stacks.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Compose_For_Dev_Stacks.md)]
---

## Compose overview

This is how you work with Compose:

* You describe a set (or stack) of containers in a YAML file called `docker-compose.yml`.

* You run `docker-compose up`.

* Compose automatically pulls images, builds containers, and starts them.

* Compose can set up links, volumes, and other Docker options for you.

* Compose can run the containers in the background, or in the foreground.

* When containers are running in the foreground, their aggregated output is shown.

Before diving in, let's see a small example of Compose in action.

.debug[[containers/Compose_For_Dev_Stacks.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Compose_For_Dev_Stacks.md)]
---

![composeup](images/composeup.gif)

.debug[[containers/Compose_For_Dev_Stacks.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Compose_For_Dev_Stacks.md)]
---

## Checking if Compose is installed

If you are using the official training virtual machines, Compose has been
pre-installed.

If you are using Docker for Mac/Windows or the Docker Toolbox, Compose comes with them.

If you are on Linux (desktop or server environment), you will need to install Compose from its [release page](https://github.com/docker/compose/releases) or with `pip install docker-compose`.

You can always check that it is installed by running:

```bash
$ docker-compose --version
```

.debug[[containers/Compose_For_Dev_Stacks.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Compose_For_Dev_Stacks.md)]
---

## Launching Our First Stack with Compose

First step: clone the source code for the app we will be working on.

```bash
$ cd
$ git clone https://github.com/jpetazzo/trainingwheels
...
$ cd trainingwheels
```

Second step: start your app.

```bash
$ docker-compose up
```

Watch Compose build and run your app with the correct parameters,
including linking the relevant containers together.

.debug[[containers/Compose_For_Dev_Stacks.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Compose_For_Dev_Stacks.md)]
---

## Launching Our First Stack with Compose

Verify that the app is running at `http://<yourHostIP>:8000`.

![composeapp](images/composeapp.png)

.debug[[containers/Compose_For_Dev_Stacks.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Compose_For_Dev_Stacks.md)]
---

## Stopping the app

When you hit `^C`, Compose tries to gracefully terminate all of the containers.

After ten seconds (or if you press `^C` again) it will forcibly kill
them.

.debug[[containers/Compose_For_Dev_Stacks.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Compose_For_Dev_Stacks.md)]
---

## The `docker-compose.yml` file

Here is the file used in the demo:

services:
  www:
    build: www
    ports:
      - 8000:5000
    user: nobody
    environment:
      DEBUG: 1
    command: python counter.py
    volumes:
      - ./www:/src

redis:
    image: redis
```
]

.debug[[containers/Compose_For_Dev_Stacks.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Compose_For_Dev_Stacks.md)]
---

## Compose file structure

A Compose file has multiple sections:

* `version` is mandatory. (We should use `"2"` or later; version 1 is deprecated.)

* `services` is mandatory. A service is one or more replicas of the same image running as containers.

* `networks` is optional and indicates to which networks containers should be connected.
 (By default, containers will be connected on a private, per-compose-file network.)

* `volumes` is optional and can define volumes to be used and/or shared by the containers.

.debug[[containers/Compose_For_Dev_Stacks.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Compose_For_Dev_Stacks.md)]
---

## Compose file versions

* Version 1 is legacy and shouldn't be used.

(If you see a Compose file without `version` and `services`, it's a legacy v1 file.)

* Version 2 added support for networks and volumes.

* Version 3 added support for deployment options (scaling, rolling updates, etc).

The [Docker documentation](https://docs.docker.com/compose/compose-file/)
has excellent information about the Compose file format if you need to know more about versions.

.debug[[containers/Compose_For_Dev_Stacks.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Compose_For_Dev_Stacks.md)]
---

## Containers in `docker-compose.yml`

Each service in the YAML file must contain either `build`, or `image`.

* `build` indicates a path containing a Dockerfile.

* `image` indicates an image name (local, or on a registry).

* If both are specified, an image will be built from the `build` directory and named `image`.

The other parameters are optional.

They encode the parameters that you would typically add to `docker run`.

Sometimes they have several minor improvements.

.debug[[containers/Compose_For_Dev_Stacks.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Compose_For_Dev_Stacks.md)]
---

## Container parameters

* `command` indicates what to run (like `CMD` in a Dockerfile).

* `ports` translates to one (or multiple) `-p` options to map ports.
 You can specify local ports (i.e. `x:y` to expose public port `x`).

* `volumes` translates to one (or multiple) `-v` options.
 You can use relative paths here.

For the full list, check: https://docs.docker.com/compose/compose-file/

.debug[[containers/Compose_For_Dev_Stacks.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Compose_For_Dev_Stacks.md)]
---

## Compose commands

We already saw `docker-compose up`, but another one is `docker-compose build`.

It will execute `docker build` for all containers mentioning a `build` path.

It can also be invoked automatically when starting the application:

```bash
docker-compose up --build
```

Another common option is to start containers in the background:

```bash
docker-compose up -d
```

.debug[[containers/Compose_For_Dev_Stacks.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Compose_For_Dev_Stacks.md)]
---

## Check container status

It can be tedious to check the status of your containers with `docker ps`,
especially when running multiple apps at the same time.

Compose makes it easier; with `docker-compose ps` you will see only the status of the
containers of the current stack:

```bash
$ docker-compose ps
Name                      Command             State           Ports          
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
trainingwheels_redis_1   /entrypoint.sh red   Up      6379/tcp               
trainingwheels_www_1     python counter.py    Up      0.0.0.0:8000->5000/tcp 
```

.debug[[containers/Compose_For_Dev_Stacks.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Compose_For_Dev_Stacks.md)]
---

## Cleaning up (1)

If you have started your application in the background with Compose and
want to stop it easily, you can use the `kill` command:

```bash
$ docker-compose kill
```

Likewise, `docker-compose rm` will let you remove containers (after confirmation):

```bash
$ docker-compose rm
Going to remove trainingwheels_redis_1, trainingwheels_www_1
Are you sure? [yN] y
Removing trainingwheels_redis_1...
Removing trainingwheels_www_1...
```

.debug[[containers/Compose_For_Dev_Stacks.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Compose_For_Dev_Stacks.md)]
---

## Cleaning up (2)

Alternatively, `docker-compose down` will stop and remove containers.

It will also remove other resources, like networks that were created for the application.

```bash
$ docker-compose down
Stopping trainingwheels_www_1 ... done
Stopping trainingwheels_redis_1 ... done
Removing trainingwheels_www_1 ... done
Removing trainingwheels_redis_1 ... done
```

Use `docker-compose down -v` to remove everything including volumes.

.debug[[containers/Compose_For_Dev_Stacks.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Compose_For_Dev_Stacks.md)]
---

## Special handling of volumes

Compose is smart. If your container uses volumes, when you restart your
application, Compose will create a new container, but carefully re-use
the volumes it was using previously.

This makes it easy to upgrade a stateful service, by pulling its
new image and just restarting your stack with Compose.

.debug[[containers/Compose_For_Dev_Stacks.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Compose_For_Dev_Stacks.md)]
---

## Compose project name

* When you run a Compose command, Compose infers the "project name" of your app.

* By default, the "project name" is the name of the current directory.

* For instance, if you are in `/home/zelda/src/ocarina`, the project name is `ocarina`.

* All resources created by Compose are tagged with this project name.

* The project name also appears as a prefix of the names of the resources.

E.g. in the previous example, service `www` will create a container `ocarina_www_1`.

* The project name can be overridden with `docker-compose -p`.

.debug[[containers/Compose_For_Dev_Stacks.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Compose_For_Dev_Stacks.md)]
---

## Running two copies of the same app

If you want to run two copies of the same app simultaneously, all you have to do is to
make sure that each copy has a different project name.

You can:

* copy your code in a directory with a different name

* start each copy with `docker-compose -p myprojname up`

Each copy will run in a different network, totally isolated from the other.

This is ideal to debug regressions, do side-by-side comparisons, etc.

.debug[[containers/Compose_For_Dev_Stacks.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Compose_For_Dev_Stacks.md)]
---

.interstitial[![Image separating from the next chapter](https://gallant-turing-d0d520.netlify.com/containers/ShippingContainerSFBay.jpg)]

---

Exercise — writing a Compose file

.nav[
[Previous section](#toc-compose-for-development-stacks)
|
[Back to table of contents](#toc-chapter-3)
|
[Next section](#toc-reducing-image-size)
]

---
# Exercise — writing a Compose file

Let's write a Compose file for the wordsmith app!

The code is at: https://github.com/jpetazzo/wordsmith

.debug[[containers/Exercise_Composefile.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Exercise_Composefile.md)]
---

.interstitial[![Image separating from the next chapter](https://gallant-turing-d0d520.netlify.com/containers/aerial-view-of-containers.jpg)]

---

Reducing image size

.nav[
[Previous section](#toc-exercise--writing-a-compose-file)
|
[Back to table of contents](#toc-chapter-4)
|
[Next section](#toc-multi-stage-builds)
]

---
# Reducing image size

* In the previous example, our final image contained:

* our `hello` program

* its source code

* the compiler

* Only the first one is strictly necessary.

* We are going to see how to obtain an image without the superfluous components.

.debug[[containers/Multi_Stage_Builds.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Multi_Stage_Builds.md)]
---

## Can't we remove superfluous files with `RUN`?

What happens if we do one of the following commands?

- `RUN rm -rf ...`

- `RUN apt-get remove ...`

- `RUN make clean ...`

This adds a layer which removes a bunch of files.

But the previous layers (which added the files) still exist.

.debug[[containers/Multi_Stage_Builds.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Multi_Stage_Builds.md)]
---

## Removing files with an extra layer

When downloading an image, all the layers must be downloaded.

| Dockerfile instruction | Layer size | Image size |
| ---------------------- | ---------- | ---------- |
| `FROM ubuntu` | Size of base image | Size of base image |
| `...` | ... | Sum of this layer + all previous ones |
| `RUN apt-get install somepackage` | Size of files added (e.g. a few MB) | Sum of this layer + all previous ones |
| `...` | ... | Sum of this layer + all previous ones |
| `RUN apt-get remove somepackage` | Almost zero (just metadata) | Same as previous one |

Therefore, `RUN rm` does not reduce the size of the image or free up disk space.

.debug[[containers/Multi_Stage_Builds.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Multi_Stage_Builds.md)]
---

## Removing unnecessary files

Various techniques are available to obtain smaller images:

- collapsing layers,

- adding binaries that are built outside of the Dockerfile,

- squashing the final image,

- multi-stage builds.

Let's review them quickly.

.debug[[containers/Multi_Stage_Builds.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Multi_Stage_Builds.md)]
---

## Collapsing layers

You will frequently see Dockerfiles like this:

```dockerfile
FROM ubuntu
RUN apt-get update && apt-get install xxx && ... && apt-get remove xxx && ...
```

Or the (more readable) variant:

```dockerfile
FROM ubuntu
RUN apt-get update \
 && apt-get install xxx \
 && ... \
 && apt-get remove xxx \
 && ...
```

This `RUN` command gives us a single layer.

The files that are added, then removed in the same layer, do not grow the layer size.

.debug[[containers/Multi_Stage_Builds.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Multi_Stage_Builds.md)]
---

## Collapsing layers: pros and cons

Pros:

- works on all versions of Docker

- doesn't require extra tools

Cons:

- not very readable

- some unnecessary files might still remain if the cleanup is not thorough

- that layer is expensive (slow to build)

.debug[[containers/Multi_Stage_Builds.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Multi_Stage_Builds.md)]
---

## Building binaries outside of the Dockerfile

This results in a Dockerfile looking like this:

```dockerfile
FROM ubuntu
COPY xxx /usr/local/bin
```

Of course, this implies that the file `xxx` exists in the build context.

That file has to exist before you can run `docker build`.

For instance, it can:

- exist in the code repository,
- be created by another tool (script, Makefile...),
- be created by another container image and extracted from the image.

See for instance the [busybox official image](https://github.com/docker-library/busybox/blob/fe634680e32659aaf0ee0594805f74f332619a90/musl/Dockerfile) or this [older busybox image](https://github.com/jpetazzo/docker-busybox).

.debug[[containers/Multi_Stage_Builds.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Multi_Stage_Builds.md)]
---

## Building binaries outside: pros and cons

Pros:

- final image can be very small

Cons:

- requires an extra build tool

- we're back in dependency hell and "works on my machine"

Cons, if binary is added to code repository:

- breaks portability across different platforms

- grows repository size a lot if the binary is updated frequently

.debug[[containers/Multi_Stage_Builds.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Multi_Stage_Builds.md)]
---

## Squashing the final image

The idea is to transform the final image into a single-layer image.

This can be done in (at least) two ways.

- Activate experimental features and squash the final image:
  ```bash
  docker image build --squash ...
  ```

- Export/import the final image.
  ```bash
  docker build -t temp-image .
  docker run --entrypoint true --name temp-container temp-image
  docker export temp-container | docker import - final-image
  docker rm temp-container
  docker rmi temp-image
  ```

.debug[[containers/Multi_Stage_Builds.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Multi_Stage_Builds.md)]
---

## Squashing the image: pros and cons

Pros:

- single-layer images are smaller and faster to download

- removed files no longer take up storage and network resources

Cons:

- we still need to actively remove unnecessary files

- squash operation can take a lot of time (on big images)

- squash operation does not benefit from cache
 
 (even if we change just a tiny file, the whole image needs to be re-squashed)

.debug[[containers/Multi_Stage_Builds.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Multi_Stage_Builds.md)]
---

## Multi-stage builds

Multi-stage builds allow us to have multiple *stages*.

Each stage is a separate image, and can copy files from previous stages.

We're going to see how they work in more detail.

.debug[[containers/Multi_Stage_Builds.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Multi_Stage_Builds.md)]
---

.interstitial[![Image separating from the next chapter](https://gallant-turing-d0d520.netlify.com/containers/blue-containers.jpg)]

---

Multi-stage builds

.nav[
[Previous section](#toc-reducing-image-size)
|
[Back to table of contents](#toc-chapter-4)
|
[Next section](#toc-tips-for-efficient-dockerfiles)
]

---

# Multi-stage builds

* At any point in our `Dockerfile`, we can add a new `FROM` line.

* This line starts a new stage of our build.

* Each stage can access the files of the previous stages with `COPY --from=...`.

* When a build is tagged (with `docker build -t ...`), the last stage is tagged.

* Previous stages are not discarded: they will be used for caching, and can be referenced.

.debug[[containers/Multi_Stage_Builds.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Multi_Stage_Builds.md)]
---

## Multi-stage builds in practice

* Each stage is numbered, starting at `0`

* We can copy a file from a previous stage by indicating its number, e.g.:

```dockerfile
  COPY --from=0 /file/from/first/stage /location/in/current/stage
  ```

* We can also name stages, and reference these names:

```dockerfile
  FROM golang AS builder
  RUN ...
  FROM alpine
  COPY --from=builder /go/bin/mylittlebinary /usr/local/bin/
  ```

.debug[[containers/Multi_Stage_Builds.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Multi_Stage_Builds.md)]
---

## Multi-stage builds for our C program

We will change our Dockerfile to:

* give a nickname to the first stage: `compiler`

* add a second stage using the same `ubuntu` base image

* add the `hello` binary to the second stage

* make sure that `CMD` is in the second stage

The resulting Dockerfile is on the next slide.

.debug[[containers/Multi_Stage_Builds.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Multi_Stage_Builds.md)]
---

## Multi-stage build `Dockerfile`

Here is the final Dockerfile:

```dockerfile
FROM ubuntu AS compiler
RUN apt-get update
RUN apt-get install -y build-essential
COPY hello.c /
RUN make hello
FROM ubuntu
COPY --from=compiler /hello /hello
CMD /hello
```

Let's build it, and check that it works correctly:

```bash
docker build -t hellomultistage .
docker run hellomultistage
```

.debug[[containers/Multi_Stage_Builds.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Multi_Stage_Builds.md)]
---

## Comparing single/multi-stage build image sizes

List our images with `docker images`, and check the size of:

- the `ubuntu` base image,

- the single-stage `hello` image,

- the multi-stage `hellomultistage` image.

We can achieve even smaller images if we use smaller base images.

However, if we use common base images (e.g. if we standardize on `ubuntu`),
these common images will be pulled only once per node, so they are
virtually "free."

.debug[[containers/Multi_Stage_Builds.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Multi_Stage_Builds.md)]
---

## Build targets

* We can also tag an intermediary stage with `docker build --target STAGE --tag NAME`

* This will create an image (named `NAME`) corresponding to stage `STAGE`

* This can be used to easily access an intermediary stage for inspection

(Instead of parsing the output of `docker build` to find out the image ID)

* This can also be used to describe multiple images from a single Dockerfile

(Instead of using multiple Dockerfiles, which could go out of sync)

* Sometimes, we want to inspect a specific intermediary build stage.

* Or, we want to describe multiple images using a single Dockerfile.

.debug[[containers/Multi_Stage_Builds.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Multi_Stage_Builds.md)]
---

.interstitial[![Image separating from the next chapter](https://gallant-turing-d0d520.netlify.com/containers/chinook-helicopter-container.jpg)]

---

Tips for efficient Dockerfiles

.nav[
[Previous section](#toc-multi-stage-builds)
|
[Back to table of contents](#toc-chapter-4)
|
[Next section](#toc-dockerfile-examples)
]

---
# Tips for efficient Dockerfiles

We will see how to:

* Reduce the number of layers.

* Leverage the build cache so that builds can be faster.

* Embed unit testing in the build process.

.debug[[containers/Dockerfile_Tips.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Dockerfile_Tips.md)]
---

## Reducing the number of layers

* Each line in a `Dockerfile` creates a new layer.

* Build your `Dockerfile` to take advantage of Docker's caching system.

* Combine commands by using `&&` to continue commands and `\` to wrap lines.

Note: it is frequent to build a Dockerfile line by line:

```dockerfile
RUN apt-get install thisthing
RUN apt-get install andthatthing andthatotherone
RUN apt-get install somemorestuff
```

And then refactor it trivially before shipping:

```dockerfile
RUN apt-get install thisthing andthatthing andthatotherone somemorestuff
```

.debug[[containers/Dockerfile_Tips.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Dockerfile_Tips.md)]
---

## Avoid re-installing dependencies at each build

* Classic Dockerfile problem:

"each time I change a line of code, all my dependencies are re-installed!"

* Solution: `COPY` dependency lists (`package.json`, `requirements.txt`, etc.)
  by themselves to avoid reinstalling unchanged dependencies every time.

.debug[[containers/Dockerfile_Tips.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Dockerfile_Tips.md)]
---

## Example "bad" `Dockerfile`

The dependencies are reinstalled every time, because the build system does not know if `requirements.txt` has been updated.

```bash
FROM python
WORKDIR /src
COPY . .
RUN pip install -qr requirements.txt
EXPOSE 5000
CMD ["python", "app.py"]
```

.debug[[containers/Dockerfile_Tips.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Dockerfile_Tips.md)]
---

## Fixed `Dockerfile`

Adding the dependencies as a separate step means that Docker can cache more efficiently and only install them when `requirements.txt` changes.

```bash
FROM python
COPY requirements.txt /tmp/requirements.txt
RUN pip install -qr /tmp/requirements.txt
WORKDIR /src
COPY . .
EXPOSE 5000
CMD ["python", "app.py"]
```

.debug[[containers/Dockerfile_Tips.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Dockerfile_Tips.md)]
---

## Be careful with `chown`, `chmod`, `mv`

* Layers cannot store efficiently changes in permissions or ownership.

* Layers cannot represent efficiently when a file is moved either.

* As a result, operations like `chown`, `chown`, `mv` can be expensive.

* For instance, in the Dockerfile snippet below, each `RUN` line
  creates a layer with an entire copy of `some-file`.

```dockerfile
  COPY some-file .
  RUN chown www-data:www-data some-file
  RUN chmod 644 some-file
  RUN mv some-file /var/www
  ```

* How can we avoid that?

.debug[[containers/Dockerfile_Tips.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Dockerfile_Tips.md)]
---

## Put files on the right place

* Instead of using `mv`, directly put files at the right place.

* When extracting archives (tar, zip...), merge operations in a single layer.

Example:

```dockerfile
    ...
    RUN wget http://.../foo.tar.gz \
     && tar -zxf foo.tar.gz \
     && mv foo/fooctl /usr/local/bin \
     && rm -rf foo
  ...
  ```

.debug[[containers/Dockerfile_Tips.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Dockerfile_Tips.md)]
---

## Use `COPY --chown`

* The Dockerfile instruction `COPY` can take a `--chown` parameter.

Examples:

```dockerfile
  ...
  COPY --chown=1000 some-file .
  COPY --chown=1000:1000 some-file .
  COPY --chown=www-data:www-data some-file .
  ```

* The `--chown` flag can specify a user, or a user:group pair.

* The user and group can be specified as names or numbers.

* When using names, the names must exist in `/etc/passwd` or `/etc/group`.

*(In the container, not on the host!)*

.debug[[containers/Dockerfile_Tips.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Dockerfile_Tips.md)]
---

## Set correct permissions locally

* Instead of using `chmod`, set the right file permissions locally.

* When files are copied with `COPY`, permissions are preserved.

.debug[[containers/Dockerfile_Tips.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Dockerfile_Tips.md)]
---

## Embedding unit tests in the build process

```dockerfile
FROM <baseimage>
RUN <install dependencies>
COPY <code>
RUN <build code>
RUN <install test dependencies>
COPY <test data sets and fixtures>
RUN <unit tests>
FROM <baseimage>
RUN <install dependencies>
COPY <code>
RUN <build code>
CMD, EXPOSE ...
```

* The build fails as soon as an instruction fails
* If `RUN <unit tests>` fails, the build doesn't produce an image
* If it succeeds, it produces a clean image (without test libraries and data)

.debug[[containers/Dockerfile_Tips.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Dockerfile_Tips.md)]
---

.interstitial[![Image separating from the next chapter](https://gallant-turing-d0d520.netlify.com/containers/container-cranes.jpg)]

---

Dockerfile examples

.nav[
[Previous section](#toc-tips-for-efficient-dockerfiles)
|
[Back to table of contents](#toc-chapter-4)
|
[Next section](#toc-exercise--writing-better-dockerfiles)
]

---

# Dockerfile examples

There are a number of tips, tricks, and techniques that we can use in Dockerfiles.

But sometimes, we have to use different (and even opposed) practices depending on:

- the complexity of our project,

- the programming language or framework that we are using,

- the stage of our project (early MVP vs. super-stable production),

- whether we're building a final image or a base for further images,

- etc.

We are going to show a few examples using very different techniques.

.debug[[containers/Dockerfile_Tips.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Dockerfile_Tips.md)]
---

## When to optimize an image

When authoring official images, it is a good idea to reduce as much as possible:

- the number of layers,

- the size of the final image.

This is often done at the expense of build time and convenience for the image maintainer;
but when an image is downloaded millions of time, saving even a few seconds of pull time
can be worth it.

.small[
```dockerfile
RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y libpng12-dev libjpeg-dev && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/* \
	&& docker-php-ext-configure gd --with-png-dir=/usr --with-jpeg-dir=/usr \
	&& docker-php-ext-install gd
...
RUN curl -o wordpress.tar.gz -SL https://wordpress.org/wordpress-${WORDPRESS_UPSTREAM_VERSION}.tar.gz \
	&& echo "$WORDPRESS_SHA1 *wordpress.tar.gz" | sha1sum -c - \
	&& tar -xzf wordpress.tar.gz -C /usr/src/ \
	&& rm wordpress.tar.gz \
	&& chown -R www-data:www-data /usr/src/wordpress
```
]

(Source: [Wordpress official image](https://github.com/docker-library/wordpress/blob/618490d4bdff6c5774b84b717979bfe3d6ba8ad1/apache/Dockerfile))

.debug[[containers/Dockerfile_Tips.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Dockerfile_Tips.md)]
---

## When to *not* optimize an image

Sometimes, it is better to prioritize *maintainer convenience*.

In particular, if:

- the image changes a lot,

- the image has very few users (e.g. only 1, the maintainer!),

- the image is built and run on the same machine,

- the image is built and run on machines with a very fast link ...

In these cases, just keep things simple!

(Next slide: a Dockerfile that can be used to preview a Jekyll / github pages site.)

.debug[[containers/Dockerfile_Tips.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Dockerfile_Tips.md)]
---

```dockerfile
FROM debian:sid

RUN apt-get update -q
RUN apt-get install -yq build-essential make
RUN apt-get install -yq zlib1g-dev
RUN apt-get install -yq ruby ruby-dev
RUN apt-get install -yq python-pygments
RUN apt-get install -yq nodejs
RUN apt-get install -yq cmake
RUN gem install --no-rdoc --no-ri github-pages

COPY . /blog
WORKDIR /blog

VOLUME /blog/_site

EXPOSE 4000
CMD ["jekyll", "serve", "--host", "0.0.0.0", "--incremental"]
```

.debug[[containers/Dockerfile_Tips.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Dockerfile_Tips.md)]
---

## Multi-dimensional versioning systems

Images can have a tag, indicating the version of the image.

But sometimes, there are multiple important components, and we need to indicate the versions
for all of them.

This can be done with environment variables:

```dockerfile
ENV PIP=9.0.3 \
    ZC_BUILDOUT=2.11.2 \
    SETUPTOOLS=38.7.0 \
    PLONE_MAJOR=5.1 \
    PLONE_VERSION=5.1.0 \
    PLONE_MD5=76dc6cfc1c749d763c32fff3a9870d8d
```

(Source: [Plone official image](https://github.com/plone/plone.docker/blob/master/5.1/5.1.0/alpine/Dockerfile))

.debug[[containers/Dockerfile_Tips.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Dockerfile_Tips.md)]
---

## Entrypoints and wrappers

It is very common to define a custom entrypoint.

That entrypoint will generally be a script, performing any combination of:

- pre-flights checks (if a required dependency is not available, display
  a nice error message early instead of an obscure one in a deep log file),

- generation or validation of configuration files,

- dropping privileges (with e.g. `su` or `gosu`, sometimes combined with `chown`),

- and more.

.debug[[containers/Dockerfile_Tips.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Dockerfile_Tips.md)]
---

## A typical entrypoint script

```dockerfile
 #!/bin/sh
 set -e
 
 # first arg is '-f' or '--some-option'
 # or first arg is 'something.conf'
 if [ "${1#-}" != "$1" ] || [ "${1%.conf}" != "$1" ]; then
 	set -- redis-server "$@"
 fi
 
 # allow the container to be started with '--user'
 if [ "$1" = 'redis-server' -a "$(id -u)" = '0' ]; then
 	chown -R redis .
 	exec su-exec redis "$0" "$@"
 fi
 
 exec "$@"
```

(Source: [Redis official image](https://github.com/docker-library/redis/blob/d24f2be82673ccef6957210cc985e392ebdc65e4/4.0/alpine/docker-entrypoint.sh))

.debug[[containers/Dockerfile_Tips.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Dockerfile_Tips.md)]
---

## Factoring information

To facilitate maintenance (and avoid human errors), avoid to repeat information like:

- version numbers,

- remote asset URLs (e.g. source tarballs) ...

Instead, use environment variables.

.small[
```dockerfile
ENV NODE_VERSION 10.2.1
...
RUN ...
    && curl -fsSLO --compressed "https://nodejs.org/dist/v$NODE_VERSION/node-v$NODE_VERSION.tar.xz" \
    && curl -fsSLO --compressed "https://nodejs.org/dist/v$NODE_VERSION/SHASUMS256.txt.asc" \
    && gpg --batch --decrypt --output SHASUMS256.txt SHASUMS256.txt.asc \
    && grep " node-v$NODE_VERSION.tar.xz\$" SHASUMS256.txt | sha256sum -c - \
    && tar -xf "node-v$NODE_VERSION.tar.xz" \
    && cd "node-v$NODE_VERSION" \
...
```
]

(Source: [Nodejs official image](https://github.com/nodejs/docker-node/blob/master/10/alpine/Dockerfile))

.debug[[containers/Dockerfile_Tips.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Dockerfile_Tips.md)]
---

## Overrides

In theory, development and production images should be the same.

In practice, we often need to enable specific behaviors in development (e.g. debug statements).

One way to reconcile both needs is to use Compose to enable these behaviors.

Let's look at the [trainingwheels](https://github.com/jpetazzo/trainingwheels) demo app for an example.

.debug[[containers/Dockerfile_Tips.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Dockerfile_Tips.md)]
---

## Production image

This Dockerfile builds an image leveraging gunicorn:

```dockerfile
FROM python
RUN pip install flask
RUN pip install gunicorn
RUN pip install redis
COPY . /src
WORKDIR /src
CMD gunicorn --bind 0.0.0.0:5000 --workers 10 counter:app
EXPOSE 5000
```

(Source: [trainingwheels Dockerfile](https://github.com/jpetazzo/trainingwheels/blob/master/www/Dockerfile))

.debug[[containers/Dockerfile_Tips.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Dockerfile_Tips.md)]
---

## Development Compose file

This Compose file uses the same image, but with a few overrides for development:

- the Flask development server is used (overriding `CMD`),

- the `DEBUG` environment variable is set,

- a volume is used to provide a faster local development workflow.

.small[
```yaml
services:
  www:
    build: www
    ports:
      - 8000:5000
    user: nobody
    environment:
      DEBUG: 1
    command: python counter.py
    volumes:
      - ./www:/src
```
]

(Source: [trainingwheels Compose file](https://github.com/jpetazzo/trainingwheels/blob/master/docker-compose.yml))

.debug[[containers/Dockerfile_Tips.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Dockerfile_Tips.md)]
---

## How to know which best practices are better?

- The main goal of containers is to make our lives easier.

- In this chapter, we showed many ways to write Dockerfiles.

- These Dockerfiles use sometimes diametrally opposed techniques.

- Yet, they were the "right" ones *for a specific situation.*

- It's OK (and even encouraged) to start simple and evolve as needed.

- Feel free to review this chapter later (after writing a few Dockerfiles) for inspiration!

.debug[[containers/Dockerfile_Tips.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Dockerfile_Tips.md)]
---

.interstitial[![Image separating from the next chapter](https://gallant-turing-d0d520.netlify.com/containers/container-housing.jpg)]

---

Exercise — writing better Dockerfiles

.nav[
[Previous section](#toc-dockerfile-examples)
|
[Back to table of contents](#toc-chapter-4)
|
[Next section](#toc-links-and-resources)
]

---
# Exercise — writing better Dockerfiles

Let's update our Dockerfiles to leverage multi-stage builds!

The code is at: https://github.com/jpetazzo/wordsmith

Use a different tag for these images, so that we can compare their sizes.

What's the size difference between single-stage and multi-stage builds?

.debug[[containers/Exercise_Dockerfile_Advanced.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/Exercise_Dockerfile_Advanced.md)]
---
class: title, self-paced

Thank you!

.debug[[shared/thankyou.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/shared/thankyou.md)]
---

That's all, folks! Questions?

![end](images/end.jpg)

.debug[[shared/thankyou.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/shared/thankyou.md)]
---

.interstitial[![Image separating from the next chapter](https://gallant-turing-d0d520.netlify.com/containers/containers-by-the-water.jpg)]

---

Links and resources

.nav[
[Previous section](#toc-exercise--writing-better-dockerfiles)
|
[Back to table of contents](#toc-chapter-5)
|
[Next section](#toc-)
]

---
# Links and resources

- [Docker Community Slack](https://community.docker.com/registrations/groups/4316)
- [Docker Community Forums](https://forums.docker.com/)
- [Docker Hub](https://hub.docker.com)
- [Docker Blog](https://blog.docker.com/)
- [Docker documentation](https://docs.docker.com/)
- [Docker on StackOverflow](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/docker)
- [Docker on Twitter](https://twitter.com/docker)
- [Play With Docker Hands-On Labs](https://training.play-with-docker.com/)

.debug[[containers/links.md](https://github.com/jpetazzo/container.training/tree/2020-03-qcon/slides/containers/links.md)]